Egypte fata morgana

26/07/2022

Engraving the rock in one of the Pharaonic temples shows school's desks in an ancient school (note the difference in the level of chairs to see the most clear to the teacher !), and it is shown at the right of the picture where they place their school bags, and also shown the passage of teachers to supervise them (obviously it was an exam because each one was concentrating in her paper), they have stationery and school tools, and they were wearing a very nice uniform and ..............

23/07/2022

Ni Ankh Pepi,
💗💗💗💗💗

Backpack carrier, wooden statue dating back to the Sixth Dynasty, the reign of King Pepi I 4500 years ago.

The Egyptian Museum in Cairo.

13/07/2022

« Benu Bird in Ancient Egypt »

It is one of the species of the gray heron, which is distinguished by its straight beak, two feathers above its head, and two fringes located below its neck.
This bird was depicted in hieroglyphic texts and scenes standing or sitting on a stand or base. The first form is often in the landscape and symbolic scenes, while the second form is in the context of its connection to the funerary beliefs; The deceased wished in the Book of the Dead with spell No. 83 that he would turn into a bird of children on his journey in the other world to enjoy immortality like the sun god Ra, who considered this bird his soul according to the sun’s belief in the city of (Heliopolis or Ain Shams), as the ancient Egyptians believed that they were only landing on The high pointed peaks represented by pyramidal shapes and obelisks, which are also considered a symbol of the sun god Ra; The Greeks knew the bird as the "legendary phoenix" as it was also sacred to them.

12/07/2022

Detail of the inner coffin lid of Henettawy, Singer of Amun-Re and Mistress of the House. This second title indicates that she was a married woman.

The coffin dates to the late 21st Dynasty (circa 1000-945 BCE) during the Third Intermediate Period. It is made of carved wood that was plastered, painted and varnished, and was found in Deir el-Bahri on the west bank of the Nile, opposite Thebes (modern day Luxor).

Henettawy died around the age of twenty-one.

This wonderful work (25.3.183a) is now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, USA.

Photo: Wikimedia Commons (Click the image for full view).

12/07/2022

The triade masterpiece of ancient egyptian art, represent the king menkaure with the goddess hathor on his right and a woman represent a provenance called "bat" on his left.
This piece made of one of the hardest stones on earth "diorite", they were six pieces were found in king's valley temple not far from his pyramid at Giza, you can see three of them now in the Egyptian Museum.
Old kingdom, 4th dynasty, about 2530 b.c,
Egyptian museum.

16/01/2022

Fijne zondag :

8 dagen volle zon in Aswan op een eiland tegenover Filae tempel met excursies voor :
850 € per persoon.
Voor meer informatie graag op WhatsApp
+201223407097

06/05/2021

KAHK?!!
**********

“Kahk” Is the Egyptian word for cookie, that has its origins in Egyptian history from the days of the Pharaohs.
Kahk is a cookie to mark any major festival in Egyptian culture. Making kahk is one of Egypt’s most ancient traditions that goes back to Pharaonic times.
Egyptians mold kahk into different forms or press them into elaborate flower or the image of the sun god Aton, one of the ancient Pharaonic gods. This is the form in modern times where women still engrave cookie in the shape of the sun.
They were often stuffed with dates, honey or figs and embellished with dried fruits or nuts. There are drawings in some of the Pharaonic temples in ancient Thebes and Memphis (close to Cairo) illustrating the making of kahk. Some drawings, also found on the walls of 18th dynasty. With the end of the pharaonic period, many of the rituals were kept intact through the Egyptians. When Islam spread into Egypt,
Egyptians introduced their ancient tradition into their religion celebrations. And it extended over time into other Middle Eastern countries. The Egyptian word 'kahk' can be found in the Levant & golf countries known as ( Maamoul) and in Turkey known as (kombe ). But in Egypt, still called after the ancient egyptian word “kahk”

30/04/2021

The Egyptian King "Sqnen Ra" Why did he lead a motorcade to transport royal mummies, even though there were more famous kings than he was in the procession?
The leadership of the mummy of King "Sqnen Ra" came the royal procession because he was the first Egyptian martyr king, as he was killed by the Hyksos at the age of 40 years after he was severely blows through a hard tool and the injuries showed that the tool used was of the same type of weapons that the Hyksos used.
There are rumors that he was killed on the battlefield and others say that he was captured and then killed, and he was found in the Deir al-Bahari cache in Luxor.
Fortunately, the brain was still in the cranial cavity as well as the jaw contained a full set of teeth while the head was full of deep wounds,There was a clear injury with a sharp weapon behind the ear.

23/04/2021

The last judgment :

Vignette from the 'Book of Coming Forth by Day' (known to us as the 'Book of the Dead') that belonged to Nesshutefnut, a priest whose mother and father were respectively Asetreshti and Iunihor. This item (OIM E9787F) is now in the Oriental Institute Museum of the University of Chicago, Illinois, USA. Photo: The Oriental Institute.

Dating to the Late Period (circa 4th century BCE), this vignette centers on the weighing of the heart ceremony, where the heart of the deceased is weighed against the feather of Maat, symbol of truth, justice and righteousness. This is part of the judgment scene before Osiris, god of the underworld, rebirth and the afterlife.

The feather of Maat has tipped the scale, indicating that Nesshutefnut has been found truthful and therefore worthy of entering the afterlife.

"The Egyptian Book of the Dead stands as one of the seminal works of religious literature ― not simply of Egyptology and the ancient world, but of all human history ― for its unique contribution to human conceptualizations and beliefs in the afterlife. And, along with other iconic elements of Egyptian culture, which are perennial sources of fascination, the Book of the Dead plays a major role in shaping ideas and assumptions of Egyptian religion in the popular imagination."

16/04/2021

The moment of discovery of statue of King Menkaure and his wife Khamerernebty. in the temple of the King Menkaure Valley in Giza in 1909
Old kingdom
4th dynasty
Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.

31/03/2021

The first sieve in history
Circular sieve composed of woven palm, high edge.
These sieves can be used to screen a range of dry agricultural products, including removing the fine husks from the grains during sifting
Central Egypt: el-Amarna
Eighteenth Dynasty 3500 years old.
Made from palm fibers
Dimensions - Diameter: 22.80 cm
The British Museum

26/03/2021

Please like : https://www.facebook.com/Egypte-fata-morgana-1394271910803780/

Upper part of a wooden statuette of Tuy, a chantress of Min―the supreme god of male sexual procreativity―and superior of his harem. She likely lived during the reign of King Amenhotep III (circa 1390-1352 BCE during the 18th Dynasty). Tuy wears a fine pleated dress, a broad collar and a heavy wig. She clasps a menit necklace in her left hand. This elegant work (E 10655) is now in the Musée du Louvre (Louvre Museum), Paris, France. Photo (edited for size): Musée du Louvre.

"Every temple seems to have had a number of priestesses attached to it as musician priestesses or chantresses... They clapped their hands rhythmically and chanted 'he comes who brings, he comes who brings [happiness, good fortune, etc.]' to welcome the king whenever he entered a temple. They sang hymns and played instruments such as harps and tambourines during temple services; they clicked their fingers or beat clappers made of wood or bone; and they shook large bead necklaces, called menit, or rattled sistra...

At festivals priestesses danced through the streets, shaking their menit-necklaces and rattling their sistra, bestowing life, stability, health and happiness on the population in the name of the deity of their temple."

20/03/2021

Chair of Queen Hetepheres (reproduction), Egypt, Giza, tomb G 7000 X, Dynasty 4, reign of Khufu, 2551-2528 BC, cedar, faience, gold foil, copper, cord - Harvard Semitic Museum - Cambridge.

15/03/2021

This pair of sandals is made of leather and has depictions of enemies on the soles. Four human figures portraying Asiatic and Nubian neighbors, who were the traditional enemies of Egypt, are shown. The men are depicted as prisoners, lying prostrate with their arms bound behind their backs.

The Pharaoh would symbolically trample on them when he wore his sandals. The sandals are also adorned on the top and bottom by the nine bows, symbols of the traditional enemies of Egypt

11/03/2021

Khufu statue at the Egyptian Museum Cairo, Egypt.
King Khufu (Cheops), Dynasty IV, 2566 BCE. Possibly the most famous Old Kingdom pharaoh, Khufu was the second pharaoh of the Fourth Dynasty. His full name is Khnum-Khufu, or “Protected by Khnum.” The Greeks called him Suphis or Cheops. Existing records show that he could have reigned anywhere from 23 to 34 years; Manetho, a third century BCE historian, even suggested a reign of 63 years. He is believed to have extended the borders of Egypt into the Sinai.Khufu is also generally believed to be the builder of the Great Pyramid of Giza, which is the largest pyramid ever built and the first in the Giza complex.Egypt prospered under the pharaohs of the Fourth Dynasty, which is why they were able to fund their massive building projects. Khufu was succeeded by his son Djedefre, whose reign was quite short, and then by Khafre, another of his sons. Khafre was the builder of the second Giza pyramid.

05/03/2021

The babies of King Tut Anch Amon :
************************************
https://www.facebook.com/Egypte-fata-morgana-1394271910803780/

In 1922, Howard Carter found two small mummies in the treasury chamber of the tomb of King Tutankhamun (circa 1336–1327 BC) in the Valley of the Kings, Luxor, Egypt (Valley of the Kings tomb 62, or KV62) [1]. The two mummies were found inside an undecorated wooden box, which Carter designated article 317. Nestled within the box were two anthropoid coffins laid side by side in opposing directions. The two coffins and their respective mummies were designated articles 317a, the smaller mummy, and 317b, the larger mummy. Both coffins were covered in a layer of black resin and decorated with gold bands, which simply named the deceased children as the Osiris. The lids were attached to the coffin bases by eight flat wooden tenons. Around the coffins were bands with clay seal impressions of the jackal and nine captives, also referred to as the nine bows, or the nine enemies of Egypt. Bands were also wrapped around the mummy bundles beneath the chin, around the waist, and around the ankles. A second coffin covered in gold foil was in each outer coffin. Within these gilded inner coffins were the mummified fetuses.

Carter first examined the smaller mummy in 1925, when he removed the bandages. Both fetuses were not fully studied, however, until 1932, when Douglas Derry, of the department of anatomy at Cairo University, performed autopsies on both mummies. At the postmortem examination, Derry described both mummies as female fetuses at 5 and 7 months of gestation. The smaller fetus, 317a, was almost perfectly preserved at that time and measured 25.75 cm in length with the arms placed on the fronts of the thighs. It had no eyebrows or eyelashes, and 21 mm of the umbilical cord was preserved. Derry did not notice any abdominal incisions in fetus 317a, which raised the suspicion that it had mummified naturally. The larger fetus, 317b, was less well preserved when Derry first examined it and measured 36.1 cm in length with the arms extended and placed beside the thighs. The eyebrows and eyelashes were visible; the eyes were open, and there was downy hair on the scalp. It appeared that mummy 317b had been artificially mummified: A 1.8-cm left inguinal embalming incision was found, and skull linen packs had been inserted through the nose [2].

After the 1932 examination, the two mummies were placed at the Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, for safekeeping. In 1978, Harrison and colleagues examined mummy 317b radiographically. In their report [3], those authors theorized that the girl was 35 weeks’ gestation to term at mummification and had multiple congenital anomalies of Sprengel deformity, spinal dysraphism, and scoliosis. These findings were suspected because the mummy had the raised left scapula, long left clavicle, and open vertebral laminae that constitute Sprengel deformity. In 2001, Chamberlain [4] hypothesized that the two fetuses were twins and that their difference in development was a consequence of twin-twin transfusion syndrome. In 2008, Hellier and Connolly [5] reassessed the radiograph of the larger fetus (317b) and suggested a younger age (30 weeks’ gestation) than had been predicted by Harrison and colleagues.

DNA studies conducted by the Tutankhamun Family Project, a substudy of the Egyptian Mummy Project, in 2007–2009 showed that Tutankhamun is the most likely father of the two fetuses. The degrees of probability were 99.97992885% and 99.99999299% for mummies 317a and 317b [6]. The Egyptian Mummy Project contacted the Faculty of Medicine at Cairo University to study the two fetuses with CT. The purpose of this CT study of the two mummified stillborn daughters of King Tutankhamun was to estimate their ages at mummification, to assess the mummification method, and to investigate the alleged congenital anomalies of the larger mummy, 317b, suspected at previous medical examinations.

26/02/2021

Please like the page :
**********************
https://www.facebook.com/Egypte-fata-morgana-1394271910803780/
*******************
Egyptian papyrus
*******************
Papyrus is a plant (cyperus papyrus) which once grew in abundance, primarily in the wilds of the Egyptian Delta but also elsewhere in the Nile River Valley, but is now quite rare. Papyrus buds opened from a horizontal root growing in shallow fresh water and the deeply saturated Delta mud. Stalks reached up to 16 feet tall (5 m) ending in small brown flowers which often bore fruit. These plants once were simply part of the natural vegetation of the region, but once people found a utilitarian purpose for them, they were cultivated and managed in farms, harvested heavily, and their supply depleted. Papyrus still exists in Egypt today but in greatly reduced number.

The papyrus of Egypt is most closely associated with writing - in fact, the English word 'paper' comes from the word 'papyrus' - but the Egyptians found many uses for the plant other than a writing surface for documents and texts. Papyrus was used as a food source, to make rope, for sandals, for boxes and baskets and mats, as window shades, material for toys such as dolls, as amulets to ward off throat diseases, and even to make small fishing boats. It also played a part in religious devotion as it was often bound together to form the symbol of the ankh and offered to the gods as a gift. Papyrus also served as a political symbol through its use in the Sma-Tawy, the insignia of the unity of Upper and Lower Egypt. This symbol is a bouquet of papyrus (associated with the Delta of Lower Egypt) bound with a lotus (the symbol of Upper Egypt)
The plant may also be seen etched in stone on temples and monuments, symbolizing life and eternity as the Egyptian afterlife, known as the Field of Reeds, was thought to mirror the fertile Nile River Valley right down to the abundance of papyrus. The name 'Field of Reeds' actually refers to the reeds of the papyrus plant. At the same time, however, the papyrus thicket represented the unknown and the forces of chaos. Kings are regularly depicted hunting in the papyrus fields of the Delta to symbolize the imposition of order over chaos.

The dark and mysterious nature of the papyrus fields were frequently employed as a motif in mythology. Papyrus fields feature in a number of important myths; most notably that of Osiris and Isis after Osiris is murdered by his brother Set and Isis hides their child Horus in the marshes of the Delta. The papyrus reeds, in this case, hid the mother and child from Set's intentions to kill Horus and so again symbolize order prevailing over disorder and light over darkness.

Name & Processing
*********************
Papyrus is the Greek name for the plant and may come from the Egyptian word papuro (also given as pa-per-aa) meaning 'the royal' or 'that of the pharaoh' because the central government had control of papyrus processing as they owned the land and, later, oversaw the farms the plant grew on. The ancient Egyptians called the plant djet or tjufi or wadj, forms of the concept of freshness. Wadj further denotes lushness, flourishing, greenness. Once papyrus was cut, harvested, and processed into rolls, it was called djema which may mean 'clean' or 'open' in reference to the fresh writing surface.

Papyrus was harvested from the beginning of the Predynastic Period in Egypt (c. 6000-c.3150 BCE) and continued to be throughout Egypt's history down to the Ptolemaic Dynasty (323-30 BCE) and into Roman Egypt (30 BCE - c. 640 CE). Field workers would harvest the plants from the marsh by cutting them at the bottom with sharp blades, bundling the stalks together, and carrying them to some conveyance which brought them to a processing center.

The stem of the papyrus plant was cut into thin strips which were laid side by side in perpendicular fashion. A solution of resin from the plant was laid down and a second layer of papyrus was put into place, horizontally. The two layers were then pressed and allowed to dry. Immense rolls of papyrus could be made by joining the single sheets...The sides of a papyrus where the fibers run horizontally are the recto and, where the fibers run vertically, the verso. The recto was preferred but the verso was used for documents as well, allowing two separate texts to be included on a single papyrus.
In the first stage, the stalk of the plant was sliced into pieces and the pith was cut out and beaten with a hammer to produce wafers. These were arranged side by side and crosswise in two layers and were then beaten into sheets. Then the individual pages were stuck together in the same way to form a standard roll of twenty pages; sometimes the rolls were stuck together as required to provide an even longer writing surface. After drying in the sun the full strip was rolled up with the horizontal fibers on the inside. This was the "recto" that would be written on first.

The sheets, now joined into rolls, were then transported to temples, government buildings, the market or exported in trade. Although papyrus is closely associated with writing in general, it was actually mostly used only for religious and government texts because manufacturing costs were fairly expensive. Not only was the manual labor in the fields and marshes costly, it took skilled workers to methodically beat and process the plant without destroying it. All of the extant papyri are from temples, government offices, or personal collections of wealthy or at least well-off individuals. Written works often appear on pieces of wood, stone, or ostraca (shards from clay pots). The image of the Egyptian scribe hunched over his papyrus scroll is accurate, but long before he got his hands on that scroll, he would have spent literally years practicing writing on potsherds, chunks of stone, and pieces of wood.

Uses & Examples
The scribes of ancient Egypt spent years learning their craft and, even if they were from wealthy families, they still were not allowed to waste precious material on their lessons.the most common and cheapest writing materials were ostraca and pieces of wood. These were often used by schoolboys for their letters and exercises. Only once one had mastered the basics of writing was one allowed to practice on a papyrus scroll.

Ancient Egyptian scribes wrote in black and red ink. Red was used for the names of demons or evil spirits, to mark the beginning of a new paragraph, for emphasis of a word or passage, and for punctuation in some cases. Scribes carried a wooden case which held cakes of black and red paint and a water flask to mix and dilute the paint into ink. The pen was initially a thin reed with a soft tip but was replaced in the third century BCE by the stylus, a more robust reed sharpened to a very fine point.

21/02/2021

On 16th of February 1923 The English Archaeologist Howard Carter Had Discovered The Great Tomb of The Golden King Toutankhamon 1350 B. C. at The Valley of The kings.

16/02/2021

Dear friends,

please like the page through link, thank you for your support.

https://www.facebook.com/Egypte-fata-morgana-1394271910803780/

12/02/2021

Happy Valantine best friends
❤️❤️❤️❤️❤️❤️❤️❤️❤️❤️❤️

Now you know how to write “I Love you” in Egyptian! In honor of the feast day of St. Valentinus, patron saint of courtly love and epilepsy, beaten with clubs and beheaded at the Flaminian Gate of Rome in the 3rd century. His skull, crowned with flowers, can still be visited in the Basilica of Santa Maria in Cosmedin, Rome. valentines_day

11/02/2021

Dear family friends,
I don't actually know how many of you gave me his attention and care to send me a message or a b-day card. I really appreciate your friendship and feel very grateful.
P. S. With such friends like you i feel really rich. Hope our friendship overlast. Thanks to all of you

09/02/2021

The Outer Coffin of King Tutankhamun,carved of Cypress Wood,and Covered with a layer of gold foil.

25/01/2021

AKHENATEN :

Akhenaten's rediscovery and early Flinders Petrie excavations at Tell el-Amarna sparked great public interest in the pharaoh and his queen Nefertiti. He has been described and chronicled as “heretic,” “mysterious,” “revolutionary,”. And described a messy and changed the religion of his parents. This is totally untrue, also the official emblem of the utopia planned by Amenhotep III during during his reign and maybe before that, followed by Akhenaten and to complete what was then known as the City of Light.

20/01/2021

Tomb of Ramses VI

Burial chamber of Rameses VI. The mummies of both Rameses V and VI were found with other royal mummies in the KV35 cache in 1898. The walls of the burial chamber show various scenes from the ‘Book of Gates’ and the ‘Book of Aker’ which deals with creation and the journey of the solar disc (the first appearance of ‘Book of the Earth’ in a royal burial chamber). The king offers to the gods on each of the sides of the two pillars. A vaulted astronomical ceiling is illustrated by a double image of Nut with the ‘Book of Night’ and the ‘Book of Day’ (‘Books of the Heavens’), showing the mystery of the daily regeneration of the solar disc.

Please like the page :
**********************
https://www.facebook.com/Egypte-fata-morgana-1394271910803780/

18/01/2021

07/01/2021

USHABTY
***********
Often, there's no tomb found without this type of statues, which began to appear in the Middle Kingdom (about 2055 BC) and continued until the Ptolemaic period (about 305 BC), but their number varied, at the beginning we used to find one or two statues in the cemetery, but after that They became hundreds, so what is the purpose of these statues and what is their significance for the deceased ?!

This type is called (USHABTY) statues, meaning the respondent, as it is derived from the verb (wšb) in the ancient Egyptian language in the sense of answering, because its mission is to respond to the call of its owner and act on his behalf in the tasks that he must perform in the other world, especially agricultural work, and therefore the main performance of these statues She was the ax,
These statues were of kings and individuals, and they took the features of their owner and resembled a mummy in their appearance.

The statues used to write text 472 from the coffin texts, which is equivalent to Chapter Six of the Book of the Dead: “Oh, this answerer of the deceased, if I am summoned and if I am asked to perform the deeds usually performed in the kingdom of the dead .... Go instead of me and take my place on any occasion, whether it is To cultivate the field, or to irrigate the two banks, or to move the bog from east to west, here I am, this is what you say.

01/01/2021

Law in Pharaonic Egypt!
The Constitution of Pharaonic Egypt. . Ruling philosophy
Ancient Egypt is the gift of the gods!

And the pharaohs were ruling the earth on behalf of their fathers, the gods!
And the law was the basis on which the Pharaonic civilization was based!
And justice was the goal that everyone aspires to!
The story of law is very interesting in Pharaonic Egypt!
Creation of the gods Egypt. And they put justice among the people on the ground. Kings shall rule according to and apply justice. So justice was very important in Pharaonic Egypt. It was an integral part of every aspect of society and its culture. Law was an essential part of the life of an ancient Egyptian. As Pharaonic Egypt created the law. The ancient Egyptian considered that the court's decisions had the greatest impact on the life of society. Outlaws were punished, and aid was provided to the affected parties. The best men from different parts of Egypt were appointed as judges to ensure justice and law enforcement.
The pharaohs were responsible for all legal matters in Egypt. And they issued decrees of a judicial nature. The minister was working directly under the command of the pharaoh, with his right hand. The pharaoh placed the minister at the head of the powerful administration in Pharaonic Egypt, and was responsible for the state's judicial system. The pharaoh and the minister delegated their judicial and administrative responsibilities to local officials.
Since the era of the Old Kingdom, Egypt was run by a group of educated employees who are scribes who have overcome the arduous task of learning to read and write. The writing class played a fundamental role in the prosperity and development of Egypt. Egyptian law developed very slowly. The laws were in effect for extremely long periods.
From this broad description of the administrative structure of Pharaonic Egypt, we cannot yet infer the manner in which law was practiced in reality. Despite the huge volume of source material available to us, no example of the ancient Egyptian codified law before 700 BC has yet to be found.
In the absence of a codified law, our knowledge of Egyptian law must be based on other available documents such as contracts, wills, trial records, and royal decrees. Unfortunately, these did not reach us in large numbers. Fortunately, there is one exception to this matter that came to us from the Deir al-Madina area of ​​the workers' community in the era of the modern state. Over the course of several centuries, residents of Deir el-Medina's workers' community produced dozens of documents that were archived. The records left by these people span the course of the New Kingdom in Pharaonic Egypt. These texts provide important information about the daily life of these workers. It contributed greatly to our knowledge of the ancient Egyptian judicial system.
***
It is difficult - based on texts such as trial records - to distinguish criminal law from other branches of law. Criminal law was not clearly defined within the ancient Egyptian judicial system. Another way to clearly define criminal cases in the legal texts of the workers' community in Deir Al-Madina was through evaluating the penalties that were implemented in the different cases. It was clear that all transgressions were equally punished.
It seems that theft was present to some extent in Deir el-Medina. We have in the records many accusations, investigations and penalties imposed. However, the sanctions did not go beyond economic sanctions as the thief was forced to return the stolen goods. In addition, he must pay compensation that can be up to four times the original value of the stolen goods. If the stolen goods are state property, the penalty is much heavier. If the stolen property was the property of the Pharaoh, then the thief was required to pay eighty to one hundred times the stolen items, in addition to corporal punishment such as beating or in rare cases, up to ex*****on.
The judicial texts issued by the workers' community in Deir al-Madina were inconclusive regarding the old Egyptian legal position on adultery and r**e. But certainly, the ancient Egyptians viewed both r**e and adultery as unlawful behavior. And they were often dealt with in the courts. As for other acts that can be called sexual misconduct such as homosexuality and prostitution, it does not appear that these were criminal offenses. And physical assault was certainly a crime punishable by law in ancient Egyptian society. There are some cases in which a person has been convicted and the perpetrator has received corporal punishment of some kind.
***
The goddess Maat, the goddess of justice and the cosmic order, was a guiding principle within the ancient Egyptian society. "Associative justice" was based on living according to the principles of "Maat", and it was a collective responsibility. Hence, it is not surprising that the importance of the integrity of ancient Egyptian judges was considered exceptional. The ancient Egyptian judges were government officials who represented the pharaoh in legal and administrative matters; Therefore, any judicial misconduct will directly affect the Pharaoh. Therefore, all precautions were taken to ensure the integrity of the court, and this is evident in the texts of the workers' community in Deir Al-Madina.
Towards the end of the reign of King Ramses III, a plot to assassinate the king took place at the hands of one of the queens and a number of men of the royal palace. The plot was shared by several women from the Mecca harem, as well as ten Harem officials and their wives. Before the implementation of the plan, the betrayal of those involved was discovered and everyone involved was arrested, and the Pharaoh ordered their prosecution and the implementation of many deterrent judicial rulings against them. Since a case of this magnitude cannot be handled by an ordinary court of law, a special committee consisting of fourteen high-ranking officials has been appointed to investigate the crimes and punish the guilty.
And the cemeteries - especially those belonging to the upper class - were the target of theft, and that was a crime punishable by law, and the punishment for robbing the royal graves reached the death penalty. The High Court headed by the Minister was the one that ruled itself in the incidents of robbery of the royal graves.
This is some of all the foundations and legislation of the ancient Egyptian legal system, which clarifies that Pharaonic Egypt was the one that taught the whole world.

The Constitution of Pharaonic Egypt. . Ruling philosophy

Egypt knew the constitutional system - perhaps not in the modern sense of the constitution that included the principles of public freedoms - but the idea of ​​"organizing the authorities" beginning in the Pharaonic era, and if laws and constitutions were biased towards the person of the Pharaoh, then we can refer to what is known as the "theory of divine right" as the basis The philosophy of absolutism in Pharaonic Egypt, where the pharaoh possessed all powers not only as the ruler based on state affairs and affairs, but more than that, as he possessed everything, through his extraordinary will, as he was the one who was good and prevented, and whoever opposed him would be doomed.
"Herodotus" believes that the Egyptian people are the most adherent to religion in the world, and perhaps that is why the ancient Egyptians' system of government was associated with religious beliefs, hence their view of the ruler as being above the human level, as he put it, as Dr. Sufi Abu Talib emphasized in his book "History of Systems." Legal and social ", the pharaoh combined the temporal and religious powers, and this link remained between the ruling system and religious beliefs and prevailed even in the Ptolemaic era and the Roman era.
And one of the results of the absolute monarchy based on the theory of divine and holy truth was that obedience to kings was considered a duty of all the parish, so no individual - regardless of the social class to which he belongs - can object or dissolve from the king's order.
"The Pharaonic monarchy did not reach the level of tyranny, meaning that the authority of the kings was not an absolute authority without restrictions, but rather it was limited by many restrictions, which reduced its release and made it a legitimate authority, although the Pharaoh was the one who determined the framework of the criterion of legitimacy."
The idea of ​​glorifying the Pharaoh, whose depiction was abundant in ancient Egyptian myths of what came in the "famous" Torkelen Papyrus, in which Egypt was "ruled by the gods" directly thousands of years before humans tried to unify and rule it. The link that the Egyptians established between their religious beliefs, the ruling system, and the organizational view of the Pharaoh was not In the symbolic perception, they were conceived in a physical and sensual form, and they lived through that image.
Perhaps the most famous of these myths that are mentioned on the Pharaonic murals are the myth of "Isis and Osiris", which stated that the gods "Osiris" ruled the delta, and the gods "six" ruled Upper Egypt, and a dispute and conflict occurred between them, after which "Six" and his brother "Osiris" were killed. "Osiris" is the gods of good and "sets" with the gods of evil, and after "Horus" enabled "Osiris" with the help of his mother to avenge his father and kill "Set", "Horus" became gods over the whole country, but after he spread security and goodness throughout the country he decided He left the rule of the land to his sons from the pharaohs.
The myth dominated the pharaohs of the dynasties after that, but rather the mentality of the people, who became bound by that theory and I mean the "theory of divine truth" and bound by it not only in the life of the "pharaoh of the gods" but even after his death.
Perhaps one of the most important principles of Pharaonic authority was the system of inheritance, and historical documents indicated that the inheritance of the system of government in Egypt in the Pharaonic era was based on the fact that the eldest son succeeds his father in power, and the kings used to train their children to rule, and this was done by The king usually used to make his eldest son help him in ruling until he prepared him to assume the throne after him in power. This is what Dr. Mahmoud al-Saqqa referred to in his book “Philosophy and History of Social and Legal Systems,” stressing that this custom was not binding on the kings of the pharaohs, as the king in many cases took from his second son or the son of one of his wives - even if it was not the first - as his heir from After him, but those cases were only completely rare cases in the history of the throne inheritance in Egypt, as it resulted in turmoil and chaos in the state.
On the social level, a set of teachings emerged urging the establishment of a family system based on what now resembles the "Personal Status Law". Pharaonic papyri and the opinions of historians have shown a set of these charters included by Dr. Mahmoud Salam Zanati in his book "Social and Legal Systems" and Dr. Mahmoud El-Sakka In his book "Philosophy and History of Social and Legal Systems", including what Herodotus mentioned that Egyptian law in the Pharaonic era was known only to single marriage, and according to which it is not permissible for a person under his shadow to marry more than one wife. On the other hand, "Diodore of Sicily" believes that the Egyptians They knew polygamy, as they practiced the system of polygamy, and says "Sicilians" and the priest in Egypt takes one wife, while other men take wives as they desire.
Dr. Mahmoud Zanati believes that the restrictions that were restricting the spread of the wives system were divided into two parts: the first of which is the scientific restrictions, which are "the high costs of marriage, as not everyone was able to enter into a second marriage, so polygamy was limited to the wealthy and senior statesmen."
As for the second part, they are cultural restrictions, which were stipulated in the marriage contract, as stated in many papyri, that her husband must pay her an amount of money if he left her or married someone else, and the Egyptian Pharaonic law provided protection for these conditions as it granted the wife in order to obtain this compensation What is mortgaged on all the husband’s money starts from the date of the marriage contract and gives it priority over the husband’s other creditors.
Perhaps what this ancient Pharaonic law went to resemble what was mentioned in modern law what is called in the special conditions “marriage” coupon, or the so-called “right of concession” in civil law, which stipulates the right of one of the creditors to take his right before the rest of the creditors. As for contract laws, the “barter law” was famous in the first Pharaonic era, and a group of documents and contracts were found dating back to the twenty-fifth family, indicating that members of the same family used to share common money through the method of barter, so each of them becomes the owner of a specific share in it.
Swapping appeared in feudal covenants as a means of dividing the family's land among its children, because the family's ownership was inherently indivisible and inalienable, but the children of the families usually exchanged the lands that each of them owned, in order to eventually reach a kind of division of family ownership.
The exchange had a religious undertone, as it was concluded in front of the priest of the gods Amos, and the contract was written and subjected to documentation procedures.
Dr. Ahmed Ibrahim Hassan confirms in his previous book that the ancient Egyptian law defined the idea of ​​"loan", but it was a non-interest loan due to religious beliefs and ideas that considered taking interest on the loan represented a kind of exploitation, forbidden from the religious point of view.