07/08/2017
History of Cappadocia
Posted: Monday, April 30 2012 17:03 | Print| Views: 54 422
Cappadocia region in various state history, society and the period referred to with the names of important people lived. Cappadocia region of BC lived in 3000 goes back to the Assyrian trade colonies and Hittite. Cappadocia region is possible to examine the three main periods. First period Paleolithic, Neolithic and antiquity are. The second period is the Roman and Byzantine periods, and recently Turkey.
CHRONOLOGY CAPPADOCİA
M.Ö. 3000-1750 Assyrian Trade Colonies Period and Hittites
M.Ö. 1750-1400 Hittite Kingdoms Period
M.Ö. 1400-1200 Hittite Empire Period
M.Ö. 1200-1100 Arrival of Cappadocia, the Aegean and the Northern Tribes
M.Ö. 1100-950 Frigyalılar
M.Ö. 800 Hittite Tabal again Krallığı'nm revival in the region
M.Ö. 950-585 Akin and the Lydians Cimmerian-Scythian kingdom
M.Ö. 585-334 Persian domination
M.Ö. 334-335 Command of Macedonia (3 Months)
334-M.S.17 Cappadocia Kingdom Period
17-395 Period Roman Empire
395 Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire
1072 Starting settlement of Turkish Height
1086-1175 Danishments Period
1175 Anatolian Seljuks Period
1243 Mongol Domination
1318 Termination of the Anatolian Seljuk Empire
1318 İlhanlı Governor Timurtaş and Eratna Bey Management
1340 Independent Principality Eratna
1365 Karaman Dynasty
1381 Kadi Burhanettin Management
1398 Karamanoğulları Area Rollback
1398-1402 Ottoman domination
1402 Rejection of Timur Un Territory Karamanid
1436 Sultan II. Nevsehir and Kayseri Murat to take back the Karamanoğlulan'n
1466 Participation of Cappadocia's precise as the Ottoman soil
1867 Of Nigde, Nevsehir Livaye Accident converted and Connecting
1902 Connecting the starboard Nevsehir to Ankara
1954 Being in the province of Nevsehir
Although much less common for traces of Paleolithic period in Cappadocia, the data obtained so far very early Paleolithic traces this illustrates that ended paleolithic period. It is believed that after the Paleolithic period to allow the long-term human habitation of volcanic eruptions. This continues until the Neolithic period. has been found in archaeological studies in the region began a settlement from the Neolithic period. For example, near Urgup (Hunt Hill) belonging to the Neolithic stone tools were found. BC during the excavations Acemhöyük 6. The traces of the 7th century, artifacts have been found belonging to the Bronze Age and Hittite. The first traces of settlement in Cappadocia extends to very ancient times. Traces of human hunting and gathering to the period of failure to go to as well as volcanic eruptions, Cappadocia ' The result of the living nature arises from the deletion of local monitors in that the placement stage again then expanded by a traveler. Sulucakaracahöyük, lumpy mound archaeological work in areas such as the Hittites made up of various cultures from the Byzantine period in the region during the period (Hittite, Phrygian, Roman, Late Roman) shows that age. Traces of this period can be seen in goods used by communities.
Neolithic in the history of Cappadocia begins in Çatalhöyük. B.C. Between 5000-4000 small kingdoms lived in Cappadocia. The first known people of Cappadocia, Luwian and Hittite. BC Area Assyrians have established trading colonies in late 2500. The oldest written documents about the true history of Anatolia are the Cappadocian tablets have stayed at the Assyrian trade colonies. Cappadocia "As the equivalent beautiful horse reared land of beautiful horses" which means the name is Assyrian heritage. Assyrians, Persians period of which he took the name Katpatut to the name Cappadocia.
The end of the Early Bronze Age (3200-1650 BC) of the Kültepe'nin- especially in Avanos and is an important trade center to learn from the rest of the letters made of terra cotta trade Asur'l traders. Kızılırmak letters of Assyrian merchants are mentioned as the Hittite country from the rest of the region in the spring. the period of the Assyrian trade colonies, BC Between 1850-1800 year has ended.
Thesis that the Hittites came to Anatolia via the Caucasus is a generally accepted thesis. Cappadocia, the rise of the Hittite Empire era (1750s) was conquered by King Şubbiluliyu me, Hittites "Down Hometown" limits involved, it remained in the hands of the Hittites in about 500 years.
With the transition to settled life, basic needs like trade and relations between the settlements were born to be met, units have become important centers producing essential goods. Assyrians have set up Karim called trade centers in various parts of Anatolia. Which from Karur Kültepe located in the most important border Cappadocia. Kültepe near the city of Mazak (Kayseri) has been replaced by Kanesh terms of trade.
Although the Mesopotamian improved trade relations between the Assyrian Hittites, Assyrians have no effect on the language. This to us indicates that the Hittites intermingling with the Assyrians.
B.C. - VII. The period between centuries: Cappadocia's Dark Period
B.C. an arm of the Hittites in 1200 BC with the kingdom of Tabal and region where it is seen that revived seized. Tabal Kingdom is a confederation consisting of approximately 24 principalities. Hacıbektaş-Karaburna, Topada (Acıgöl), Gülşehir-Sivas (Gökçetoprak) shows that the resulting rock hieroglyphic inscriptions. Tabal Kingdom has been famous for horse breeding. After the Hittites collapse Tabal Country name of the political structure of Cappadocia from the Aegean (Phrygian and Lydians), Caucasus and (Cimmerians, Scythians, and they Gasga) and from the East (Persians, Medes) is shaken by the impact of the raids. With this influx, Tabal kingdom's dominance ended in the region.
After the Kingdom of Tabal in Cappadocia, Phrygian was occupied by the pioneer Muskie are counted. After the Hittites established a large area of Central Anatolia, who managed the first time in the state is Phyrgians Muşki-.
East Asia front in time to take the Assyrians under the domination and hegemony of the West in Phrygia that have recognized the independence and announced the Lydians become competitors, Phyrgians left in a difficult situation. However Phrygia washed in the state, it has been Cimmerian and Scythian invasions. B.C. 676 in Phrygia who want to resist Kimmer Phrygian King Midas has been overcome by the Central Anatolia to the West.
Kimmer Lydia blows that the state managed to stay afloat during the storm, after the storm (M.Ö.VI. century.) Phrygia expanded to capturing a significant portion of Cappadocia. Lydian dominance in the Cappadocia region began after that date. B.C. Lidya- interests in the region between 575-546 Persian conflicts to the fore. Cresus king of Lydia, the Persians through the Red River to stop attacks. The first accounts of the famous mathematician Thales of Miletus is also yaptığıgörül in this period. Even the calculations, Cresus to pass the Red River of the river are included on the issue of Herodotus provide the two branches split. This Creuse defeated by the King of Persia 2 KIRASA the Lydians and the Persians in battle eliminating both Phrygia principality, seized Cappadocia. But,
The first task of the Persians to divide Anatolia has been the Iranian satrapy. Satrapy Cappadocia is one of them. General information they forced migration of peoples in the light of the Persians, the Persians is said that fused elements of Persian culture with the local culture is fused with indigenous cultures. As previously it took the Persians from Iran, but it also forms the control panel of the Persian army, and came on the eve of the Persian incursions into Anatolia and Medya'l officers and officers who had settled.
Anatolian folk had not yet seen its foreign warmed to the Persians, has rebelled occasion. Cappadocia has become the largest resistance against the Persians. Cappadocia Satrapy, despite being on the route of the central military and trade routes, local lads continued their presence in the region for a long time against the Persians. Local Beylerce given the independence struggle against the Persians, the Persian Empire paved the way for the elimination by Alexander the Macedonian.
However, the Persians did not end very easy in Cappadocia. Local guys fail to suppress the revolt of the remaining ruler of Persia, have received assistance from the Carian Datamine, where he was invited in exchange for help after being framed in the palace declared its independence fled to Cappadocia. Cappadocia has increased the population of the Persians after Datamine's death. a significant portion of the Persian satrapy during İskender Un time is.
God statue in the history of the Persians Mausoleum 'worship, they know how to do things like altar; Cut the beginning of the victims of the mountain and they worshiped as their god Zeus sky, sun, moon, earth, fire, water and wind victim describes their island. Persians timely, evidence that expansion of Iran ritual in Cappadocia MS IV. century until the fire is the presence of God in the temple is dedicated.
Furthermore, while trade and monetary economy in one hand shore, the economic limitations caused by the dominance of a closed overland trade inland, on the other hand debdebeli of this part of the territory of the result be given to the elders of the army to reduce the slaves agriculture and peasants engaged in animal husbandry of debauchery situation and Roman these villagers, sold to the Greeks of becoming lost, breaking the power of the Persian Empire.
Macedonian King Alexander the Great in 334 BC and 331 repeatedly interrupting defeated the Persian army was smashed this great empire. during the Eastern campaign, leaving İskender Un commander named as the administrator of the passing Cabictas from Cappadocia Cappadocia also it entered the Macedonian hegemony. However, Macedonians, Cappadocia been met with enthusiasm as in the Greek colonies in the Western Anatolia. Alexander, getting under the supervision of Sabiktas appoint the commanders, the people opposed it and Ariarates the old Persian nobleman, with the support of the people in the center Mazak 332 (Kayseri), which established the kingdom to Cappadocia. It was a hardworking administrator who Yesilirmak basin to expand the boundaries of the kingdom of Cappadocia Ariarates. Young Alexander the Kingdom of Cappadocia ' He lived in peace until his death. After Alexander's death his authority assumed Perdikkas, did not condone the existence of the Macedonian Empire in the middle of a burgeoning independent kingdom. Ariarates after the defeat of Eumenes was transferred to the commander of the Macedonian government. Soon Ariaraets II's nephew. Ariarates has taken Makedonyalılar returning from the Cappadocia region. But the second time established the kingdom, has lost a significant portion of their land. In the north, a Persian nobleman who still Ktistes the Pontus, has established an independent kingdom of the Seleucids İskender Un commander in the south. At the same time, BC 280 years from Cappadocia West has witnessed the invasion of Galata community. Kizilirmak settled into the spring Galatians, It has been the borders with Cappadocia. The kingdom of Cappadocia was often forced to fight Galati, it has also tried to stop the advance of the Roman Empire to the interior of Anatolia. For this purpose, the Kingdom of Pergamon Located next to the death of V. Ariarates Greek culture began to enter Cappadocia. Entrikalanyl throne of the kingdom of Pontus, Cappadocia is thoroughly shaken, the noble king was finally completely destroyed. Then began a struggle between the kingdom of Pontus, Cappadocia Kingdom for sharing their land with the Roman Empire. Cappadocia throne changed hands several times during this period. For this purpose, the Kingdom of Pergamon Located next to the death of V. Ariarates Greek culture began to enter Cappadocia. Entrikalanyl throne of the kingdom of Pontus, Cappadocia is thoroughly shaken, the noble king was finally completely destroyed. Then began a struggle between the kingdom of Pontus, Cappadocia Kingdom for sharing their land with the Roman Empire. Cappadocia throne changed hands several times during this period. For this purpose, the Kingdom of Pergamon Located next to the death of V. Ariarates Greek culture began to enter Cappadocia. Entrikalanyl throne of the kingdom of Pontus, Cappadocia is thoroughly shaken, the noble king was finally completely destroyed. Then began a struggle between the kingdom of Pontus, Cappadocia Kingdom for sharing their land with the Roman Empire. Cappadocia throne changed hands several times during this period.
Roman and Byzantine Periods
In addition to the continuous change of power, in every time of the invasion, overwhelmed by the Cappadocian people with products looting and print making, after the overthrow of the Government in the Roman empire center, increasingly came under heavy pressure from the Roman kings in the region have become a satellite of Roman rule. Cappadocia, King of Rome in AD 17 connected to Rome by Tiberius, one year after the province declared by a governor (legate) is assigned. Samsun on the north border of the State of Cappadocia, Cilicia to the south, west to the Great Salt Lake, east extended to the Euphrates.
AD 18 as a very rich and sophisticated city that we encounter in Avanos, is one of the region's most important political and religious center. Avanos priests serving the writings of the Euphrates, the third man in the hierarchy Kingdom shows us the existence of a very strong and powerful aristocracy in Avanos. Since ancient times the most important city of Kayseri, Cappadocia, Roman period is also the center of Cappadocia. Tiberus by Emperor Cesare (Kayseri) around the city, called in later years was surrounded by walls by Gordianus against the Sassanian attacks from Iran. Roman period also continued attacks from the East.
Roman Christians began to spread in Anatolia, on the other hand is an active period. As is known, the first years of Christianity idolatrous Roman Empire under heavy pressure in the past, this has led Christians to escape from big cities to hidden rocky area. The first Christian settlement in the region, begins by exploring it during a missionary trip to Aziz Paulus. time when Christians begin to appear widely in the region, III. A century. oppression and persecution exerted King of Rome Diokletien Un Christians, is the successor Constantine I of this religious excitement speed experienced with the relaxation begins with the acceptance of Christianity, in fact, at the same time many believe the natural cult of natural numbers is a religious syncretism cycle. After this date, the Romans,
After the Romans conquered Central and Eastern Anatolia, Aegean connects a first job of making their way has been to provide transportation between the two major centers. Military and commercial aspects of the construction of this road of great importance, passes through Cappadocia. Thus, the connection is provided with the inner parts of Anatolia. However, as a result of soil products supported by maritime trade it began an economic crisis. King economic crisis that erupted Anton continued until the time of Emperor Diokletien to the throne in 284 BC. During this period, Empire, namely the concept of centralized element, the place began to leave the forces who tend to break away from the center. Thus excessive contraction of the volume of money, giving birth to the closure results in large land estate owners also reduced the labor of slaves (slave brought bounced spread of depletion generation warfare, financial difficulties in the provision of novel) to give it a new order them to land, the land is divided into two. First soil type, has the master is (indominicat I) housing (Villa) with arable land are typically formed of a large part. Other soil type called free peasants (colony) of "double" (Manses), which is divided into two parts. Colony (peasants) to give the land to the owner about one-tenth of its products and obliged to spend their time on the soil of a large portion of seniors in terms of agricultural production kılınmıştır.15 changes in relationships, life was more difficult. Column continuous, not lineage, but it is not a farmer volunteers. Soil commitment is a necessity both for its rights. So that can not leave the land, if he attempted to escape will be punished severely.
Emperor Julian the Apostate time (361-262) Archbishop of Kayseri, a respected scholar and cleric, has spent much effort to raise the living standards of poor people. But the Roman government in the center of Cappadocia, fearing the impact on this man's religion civilized society is divided into two administrative regions, including North and South.
Roman Empire, the Eastern Roman Empire by the splitting of Cappadocia in 395 (Byzantium), remained under the domination. Anatolia Cappadocia the Byzantine period has been one of the two dioceses. Also it is known as the hometown of the three saints. These Kayseri Archbishop Basil the Great, his brother Gregory of Nyssa and Gregory Nazirusl is. St. Basil is the founder of the rock churches and monasteries.
In the early years of the Byzantine it lived a quiet period. If the borders of the empire thought to extend to the Caucasus, Cappadocia and the environment it is in the center geographically. Helen-Roman ideas rather than the people of the region in this period remained under the influence of Iran. Arab and Sassanid raids started strong from the East, the Emperor Heraclius was an important part of Anatolia separate the military state. Cappadocia is one of those states. Empire remains under the occupation of the eastern region, Genuine Cross was taken to Jerusalem, taking back again abducted from Jerusalem, continue unremitting war-that this turmoil period derinkuyu and living in the flat plain like cream to the people of the underground city, living in the mountain areas took refuge in the rock churches and cells .
The Byzantine Empire on the one hand while trying to cope with the influx of Arab and Sassanid, on the other hand Focas II's starting time. Basil period spanning politics reached its peak, full of glory, but at first glance not only led to a series of catastrophic wars in the long term, is less than feudalism. Because the land is allocated to those who served in the army, after a period of military aristocratic landowning groups emerged, the church grew and feudal power. In the next era of Emperor Basileos death, large estates origin rapidly while soldiers and villagers began small property slump. Taxes, pictures, much of chores, which include soil commitment shown by the dependent peasants suffering under the weight of all burdens only response is limited to escape without even knowing where it was several times.
There is also a longstanding sectarian conflict in the Byzantine period were up thoroughly, Emperor III. Leon's icons began with the banning of the iconoclastic period (726-843). First, because of the attacks of the Arabs against the Sassanids persecuting Christians and religious icons depicting major pro monks, Göreme, Avanos, Urgup and the surrounding cliffs, took refuge in secluded areas. The number of people sought refuge in monasteries and churches carved from stone by finding strength in Byzantine icons breaker current has increased. During this period, the Empress Theodora ended with the release of the icons again.
IX-XI. across the centuries it has been the scene of an important monastic settlement in Goreme and Zelve. During this period, the center of Christianity in the hands of the kingdom of Pontus in the north has shifted to California.
The change of land ownership and social crisis caused by the war, misery has brought hunger and epidemics. During this period also, between the Byzantine emperors and priests is a period property and the heat of the struggle for power. The reason for this struggle, the monastery of fundraising as a result of shrinkage of the emperor's treasure priest, is to seek to limit the army to remain demilitarized and ikmalsiz and monastery property. Despite this struggle, sharpening the church reaching an important economic power in the Byzantine feudal-poor peasants duality people will prepare the ground for future internal fighting fires. This strengthens hayat dini difficult because people have begun the search for asylum backlogs and Byzantine churches of Cappadocia has opened up its doors to the Seljuk conquest. All these developments have paved the Byzantine Anatolia, the Middle East and to lose easily. for the throne of the Byzantine Empire in subsequent years it increased its dominance of the Turkish forces.
But Oguz Turks to cope with regular Byzantine army was not so easy. In 1064 as the first stop by the defeat in Kayseri and Nevsehir if they proceed towards the direction they were forced to retreat. After this date, the Afshar commander of Alparslan Un Bey defeated the Byzantines had seized the region, but this did not last long. Anatolia's doors were opened to the Turkish War of 1071.
Period in Cappadocia, Turkey
Turkish period in Cappadocia, after Byzantine domination of the Seljuks begin with. Anatolian principalities and the effects of the Ottoman Empire, and the National Struggle continues with the Republican era.
Seljuks, Anatolian principalities
In 1071, the Turkish region of Anatolia in 1072 after the entry into many Oguz Boy is settled, Turkey placements with local Greek village began to occur. 330 years of Cappadocia Seljuk period of time before the dominance (1086-1175) remained in the management of Danishmands. Danishmands had acted with the Seljuks Cappadocia has undergone major damage during the Crusades.
Great Seljuk Sultan Malik Shah's death showed the head throne after the fight in the state. In 1157 with the death of Sultan Sanjar the Great Seljuk Empire disintegrated, the princes declared their independence in their respective regions. However, after the Great Seljuk Empire in the longest surviving arm, XIV. which continued until the century Sultanate of Rum 'is.
Malik began fighting in 1143 Danishmands throne by the death of Gazi and II. by Kılıçarslan in 1175 after the conquest of Cappadocia and its environs it has also come under Seljuk rule. With the defeat of the Mongols, Seljuks Kösedağ war in 1243, the region has started and is used as a base by the Mongol rule of the Mongols.
Especially in areas close to Nevşehir Cappadocia, Anatolian Seljuk period has seen a commercial and cultural bridge between East and West. This region, Tea Han, Han Horozlu, Zazadin Khan, Sultan Khan, Ağzıkara Han, Tepesidelik Han Han Regiment and a menzillik on the trade route from the caravansary in popularity of such Sarıhan. This trade route, the Aegean to Central Asia, has been a road connecting China and Mesopotamia.
Anatolian Seljuk Alaeddin Keykubat is living its heyday with scattered fights and soil losses due throne after this period. caves in Cappadocia, was used as a refuge of the sultans in dispute.
Following the disappearance of the Anatolian Seljuk Empire, which dominated states and principalities of Cappadocia, respectively; Ilkhanate, Eratna Principality, Karamanoğulları and the Ottoman Empire. With the numbers of the year 1318 in Central and Eastern Anatolia İlhanlı State Governor İlhanlı province of Cappadocia was given to Timurtaş management. Learn declared its independence against Ilkhanians Timurtas was killed in 1322 by 1327. Thereafter began Eratna Bey's management of the commander of Ilkhanate in the region. 1340't until 1365 Eratna independent principality (independent İlhanlılar'a) has been dominant in the region.
Eratna with Bey's death, the passage of managers in the principality of children per age, have worked to Karamanoğuliarı's work, in which the lands of Cappadocia 1365 to Karamanoğlu been seized by Alaeddin Bey.
II descended from the Eratna in 1381. Vizier Mehmed Bey eliminate to leave the principality Ahmed Qazi Burhanuddin management seized the region came under his rule. Kadi takes Burhaneddin region is not known exactly when. Black woman Burhaneddin 1398 Aqquyunlu Yülük on the killing of Osman Bey, were seized Karamanoğulları the region. Ottoman ruler I. Beyazit, ended the same year Karamanoğulları principality and incorporated it into the Cappadocia region of the Ottoman Empire. However, in Ankara War I. Beyazit 1402 Mongol ruler Tamerlane defeated; Timur Un received from the territory of the Ottoman era were revived with the Anatolian principalities distribute the principality. Cappadocia region is the history of the principality's management Karamanoğulları again during this period.
Ottoman Empire Period
Cappadocia lived in peace for the first years of Ottoman rule and in a quiet manner. In this case, when Suleiman's throne, took up a new land where they can to increase their income tahrirs treasure. A portion of the land measurements and increase the amount of tax by the amount of products with some showing more dirlik printer deprived of the provincial land and this has caused unrest among the people and the soldiers. Iran also began grooming expeditions from 1582 overturned the order, led to riots have peace. Jalal known as riots and this gives strength to leave their families and their land with their flaming refuse to go to war, riots have been effective in Cappadocia.
XVII of the first years of the Ottoman period. The most important has been the center of much of Urgup in Cappadocia century. Sources consisting of Urgup in 6 districts in 1530 and 213 Muslims, 35 to say that it is a town with a total of 248 households from other ethnic and religious subjects. XVII. century until Nevsehir, known as the Nissan Village Muskara old name. This is due to Urgup town of Nigde is a village of 18 households.
Muşkara the (Nevşehir) XV of the housing case. XVIII century. It is observed that century show much of a change. However, Damat Ibrahim Pasha is a major boost and regeneration in the region being Ottoman Grand Vizier. Tulip Era Grand Vizier Damat Ibrahim Pasha of the major, Muşkara has implemented innovations worthy of this era. For example, it equips Muşkara the architecture has completed development and change the name Nigde inhabited and then creates a subdivision of Nevsehir province.
Today is the founder of Gulsehir Silahtar is known by nickname Karavezir Mehmet Pasha. Formerly known as Gülşehir that the Arapsu, 1584 depending on Uchisar township is a village of 30 households. all of the people are Muslim. Gunnery Mehmet Paşa, was where a mosque and a madrassa, which tend to increase the town's population, and then the name was changed to Gülşehir the Arapsu.
official records of the Ottoman Empire in 1840 and Nevsehir Urgup Nigde shows that due to the Muhassıllığı. administrative structure in 1847 has become one of Nevşehir province of Konya brigade. The center of the flag register 1849 is mentioned Nigde moved.
According to Nevsehir Governorship Regulations 1867 Livada converting the accident in Konya province of Nigde is connected to the province. During this period, the Sanjak of Nigde Nevsehir Urgup, Aksaray, has five accidents, including Kirsehir and Yahyalı. Briefly administrative hierarchy are as follows: Konya Province, the ensign of Nigde, Nevsehir and Urgup accidents and their villages. administrative status of Nevsehir, is unchanged from 1867 until 1918. However, in 1896 the Arapsu (Gülşehir) Nigde was transformed into an accident, depending on the province. Avanos, an accident in this century depends on Ankara province Kırşehir Sanjak, Hacıbektaş is a township is still the case that are connected to the same province and starboard.
National Struggle and the Republican Period
Cappadocia region is the scene of an important event because it fell outside of the area determined by the share of the armistice has not been the National Struggle years. However Dellacza Nevsehir Haci Osman Efendi participated as a delegate to the Congress of Sivas, Anatolia and Rumelia Defense of the country has established the Law Society's branches and on the participation of the national struggle.
In another incident in 1919, Mustafa Kemal Dervish Lodge Hacı Bektaş-ı Veli is coming to the meeting with the dervish sheikh and çelebis. After all Bektashi lodges in Anatolia This meeting has decided to support the national struggle and worked like this takyas headquarters. Development and growth after the Republic, Nigde, Nevsehir connected to the district it has been given a provincial status in 1954.
Although the Mesopotamian improved trade relations between the Assyrian Hittites, Assyrians have no effect on the language. This to us indicates that the Hittites intermingling with the Assyrians.
