Pakistan Almanac

03/02/2025

The irrigation network of Lahore district consists of the main BRB (Bambanwala-Ravi-Bedian Canal (BRB Canal), and its offshoot canal.

The BRB Link originates from the River Ravi in the north of the district and supplies irrigation waters to the agricultural lands of Dokri, Jallo, Barki, Heer, and Jahman, flowing along the southern borders of the district, ending in tehsil Chunian of Kasur district. A branch of this canal, known as Lahore Canal, irrigates the lands of Mughalpura, Walton, and Punjab University. Irrigation is also done through wells and tube wells.

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01/02/2025

The economy of Lahore has a diversified base, including telecommunications, information technology, manufacturing industry, engineering, pharmaceuticals, steel, chemicals, and construction material. The economy of Lahore is prosperous, as it is a major urban center. Lahore is one of the more industrialized districts of Pakistan and is home to the largest IT Park[1] in the country, which is called the Arfa Software Technology Park. Lahore is the country’s second largest economic hub and also the commercial capital of Punjab. The Lahore Stock Exchange is Pakistan’s second largest stock exchange, with the Karachi Stock Exchange being the largest.
Lahore district belongs to the Northern Irrigated Plains Agro-Ecological Zone of Pakistan. The crops grown in the district include wheat, rice, sugarcane, jowar, bajra, to***co, moong, maash, masoor, maize, rapeseed & mustard, and sunflower.

The vegetable crops include potatoes, carrots, cauliflower, cabbage, turnip, okra, onions, tomatoes, bottle gourd, bitter gourd, peas, garlic, and chilies.

The fruit crops are citrus, guavas, mangoes, leechee, pomegranate, jaamun, peaches, dates, phalsa, and bananas.

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31/01/2025

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province was called the North-West Frontier Province during British Rule (or the British Raj: 1858-1947) as this area formed the north-western borders of the Raj. After Partition Pakistan continued to use this name till 2010 when the name was changed to Khyber Pakhtunkhwa under the 18th Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan. The name Khyber Pakhtunkhwa means “Khyber side of the land of the Pakhtuns” while only the word Pakhtunkhwa means “Land of the Pakhtuns”; according to some scholars, Pukhtunkhwa means “Pakhtun culture and society.”
The province is home to the Gandhara Civilization, which lasted from 1000 BC to the 11th century AD. It consisted of multiple dynasties which ruled over the same area and which were loosely linked by their adoption of Buddhism as a religion. This civilization has been historically significant since the Achaemenid Empire[First Persian Empire] and more specifically, during the reign of Cyrus the Great (558-28 BC).

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29/01/2025

Bhakkar district is part of the Thal Desert which is situated between the Jhelum and Indus rivers. It is bounded on the north by Mianwali district, and on the east by Khushab and Jhang districts. On its south is district Layya and its west is the Dera Ismail Khan District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) province, with River Indus forming a natural border between these two districts.
The major economic activity of the rural areas of the district is agriculture and its allied livestock breeding.
Bhakkar district is part of the Thal tract, and is situated in valleys called Pattes (inter-dunal valleys) and dunes. About 70% of the area of the district is covered by sand dunes. The inter-dunal valleys are the only productive parts of the district. This part is irrigated by the Thal Canal of Chashma-Jhelum Link Canal off-taking from Jinnah Barrage, and is the main canal providing irrigation water to the district.

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28/01/2025

Buner district is one of the most beautiful places in the country. Surrounded by hills on all four sides, it is a picturesque valley, and provides a great location for tourists. Some of the more beautiful areas are:

Karakar: It is at an elevation of 1,336 m above mean sea level, 33 km from Saidu Sharif in Swat. It boasts a rest house situated on top of a hill, providing an excellent view of the valley on both sides
Daggar: A fishing resort
Ambela Pass
Elum Ghar Mountains: These are on the west side of Pir Baba Village (named after the sufi saint Ali Shah Termizi or Pir Baba, whose mausoleum is located in Pir Baba)
Peryano Dhand: This is a natural lake located in a bowl like depression among mountains.

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27/01/2025

Buner district is situated in the Buner Valley which is encircled by hills. The surface terrain of Buner district is mostly rugged and uneven.

The Elum Ghar Mountains (also spelled Ilam Ghar) and Mora Range separate the district from Swat district. The Pajja Hills, Guru Mountains, and Ambela Range separate the district from the Mardan Valley; the Sinawar and Mahaban Ranges from Swabi; the Amazai Range separates the district from the Yousafzai area (Torghar district); and the Chagharzi and the Duma Mountains separate it from Puran Valley. These hills are mostly covered with pine trees. The hilly tracts are enriched with minerals.

The highest peak of Elum Ghar in the district is Dosara Peak in the north of the district at a height of 2,911 m.

Plain valleys of Buner start from Elum and Mora hills in the north to the plain tracts of Totalai in the south, and from Pajja Hills in the west to the Amazai Hills and Barandu Valley in the east.

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25/01/2025

Port of Bhambhore; Bambhore is an ancient city dating to the 1st century BC. It was a medieval port city deriving its wealth from imported ceramic and metal goods, an industrial sector, and trade. The city was strategically located at the mouth of the Indus, linking it to the rest of the Scytho-Parthian Empire and international traders plying the Indian Ocean.
Archaeological findings show a half-submerged anchorage structure with solid stone foundation, which may have been used for berthing cargo boats. However, the port was abandoned when the Indus River shifted its position, and the creek was silted.
The Department of Archaeology and Museums of Pakistan submitted an application to the World Heritage Sites in January 2004, asking for the induction of the Port of Bhambhore in the list as an important historical site. It is currently in the tentative list under the criteria iv, v, and vi of the cultural category.
For More on Thatta-Sujawal District please visit https://pakistanalmanac.com/sindh-thatta-sajawal/ #1633497051713-71377123-3014

24/01/2025

The decision to create Sujawal District by the provincial government was made on 12 October 2013 through a notification issued by the Revenue Department of Sindh which read as follows:

“A new district encompassing Sujawal, Kharochan, (barring 10 dehs), Mirpur Bathoro, Jati and Shah Bundar talukas would be Sindh’s 28th district to be called Sujawal. Its headquarters will be located in Sujawal taluka. The new district has been established under Section 6 of the Sindh Land Revenue Act, 1967”.

According to the notification the right side of Indus River will comprise old Thatta district and the left side will come under the jurisdiction of newly created Sujawal. The Thatta District (area wise among the largest districts of the province), will have half the size in its new boundaries, comprising Thatta, Mirpur Sakro, Keti Bunder and Ghora Bari Tehsils, and some areas of Kharochan tehsil have also been included in new Thatta District.
Mirza Tughral Baig’s tomb: Mirza Tughral Baig (1658-1707) was a nobleman in the Mughal Empire who served under Emperor Aurangzeb. He was responsible for restoring the Kalan Kot fort.
He died in 1679 was buried in Makli. The tomb is octagonal in shape; the dome is supported by two pillars in each of the four sides of the pavilions. The sixteen sides are further divided by cross arches up to the base of the dome. The pillars are richly carved in arabesque work and are surmounted by honeycombed capital. Lotus blooms and sunflowers are carved in relief in the niches. The interior of the dome is a reproduction in stone of the zigzag pattern in colored tiles.

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23/01/2025

Northern Mountains of Pakistan
The Northern Mountains comprise 3 main mountain ranges: the Karakorum, the Himalayas, and the Hindu Kush.

The Karakorum Mountain Range or “black gravel” (average altitude 6,000 meters) extends for more than 400 km, from Hunza to Shyok River. Only the western edge of this range lies in Pakistan. K-2, the second highest peak in the world (8,610 meters), is located in this range.

The Himalayas (average altitude 4,000 meters) are to the South of the Karakorum Range. They include the following mountain ranges:

The Siwaliks: These have generally low altitudes (average height 600-1,200 meters). These hills are located near Attock (at the border of Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa)
The Lesser or Lower Himalayas: These have medium altitude (1,800-4,500 meters). They are represented by the Pir Panjal Range. This range is home to some popular hill stations like Murree, Nathia Gali, and Ghora Gali
Central Himalayas: The Mountains between Pir Panjal Range and Karakorum Range are called the Central Himalayas. This part of the Himalayas lies mostly in Kashmir. The highest peak of the range is the Nanga Parbat, with a height of about 8,126 meters. This peak lies in the Northern Areas (now Gilgit-Baltistan) of Pakistan
The Hindu Kush Range is located on Pakistan’s Northwest border, where the borders of Afghanistan and China meet. This range runs in the North-South direction, and has mountains like Tirich Mir (7,690 meters).
For all other information on Pakistan please visit https://pakistanalmanac.com/topography/

22/01/2025

Topography of Pakistan
Topographically, Pakistan can be divided into 6 major parts:

Mountainous and hilly areas
Plateaus
Plains
Desert areas
Rivers, streams, and lakes
Forests
Mountainous Areas
The northern and western parts[1] of Pakistan consist of mountains which are the West and Southwest extensions of the Himalayan system. These mountains may be subdivided into the following 4 parts:

Northern Mountains
Western Bordering Mountains
Suleiman Mountains and Kirthar Hills
Mountains and hills of Sub-Himalayas, Siwaliks

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21/01/2025

The economy of Sindh is the 2nd largest economy in Pakistan, which is mostly influenced by the economy of Karachi the business hub of the country. Sindh's contribution to Pakistan's GDP has been between 30% and 32.7%. Its share in the service sector has ranged from 21% to 27.8% and in the agriculture sector from 21.4% to 27.7%. Performance-wise, its best sector is the manufacturing sector, where its share has ranged from 36.7% to 46.5%.
Sindh’s main industries include agriculture, horticulture, and livestock production, as well as the processing of products like textiles, tanning, pharmaceuticals, minerals, cement, salt, sugar, cotton, coal, and china clay. Sindh also contributes significantly to oil and gas production as well as the steel and automobile industries. The province has a large network of agro-based industries such as flour, rice, edible oil, and cotton ginning. Sindh is home to numerous brick kilns, and produces livestock products, while also establishing heavy industries like sugar, cement, cotton yarn, textiles, cloth, ci******es, tanning, and pharmaceuticals. Many industrial units produce various types of industrial as well as consumer goods.
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20/01/2025

Rahimyar Khan district (RYK) derives its name from its headquarter town: Rahim Yar Khan (RYK). The previous name of this district was Naushehra; it was renamed Rahim Yar Khan in 1883 by the Nawab of Bahawalpur. Rahim Yar Khan City was constructed on the ruins/ mounds of an ancient ruined city called Phul Wadda which was the capital city of Soomra Chief Phul and his son Lakha during the Soomra dynasty (1024-1351) in Sindh.
The founder of the new city was Fazal Ali Khan, who laid the foundations in 1751. He called this new city Naushehra meaning new city. The city and all areas belonging to RYK district were part of Bahawalpur State (which was founded in 1727 by Amir Sadiq Muhammad Khan 1), and Naushehra (now Rahim Yar Khan) was the headquarters of the Nizamat (tehsil) of Khanpur. Khanpur is now a tehsil of RYK district.

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18/01/2025

Sindh's environment is characterized by a diverse landscape, hot and arid climate, and a variety of environmental challenges.
The Global 200 Analysis identified 5 eco-regions in Pakistan:

Runn of Kutch
Flooded grasslands
Tibetan Plateau
Western Himalayan Temperate Forests
Indus Delta Ecosystem and Arabian Sea (Indus Eco-region)
The Indus eco-region is the only eco-region that lies fully within Pakistan’s boundaries, while all other eco-regions are trans-boundary eco-regions. The Indus eco-region is classified as one of 40 most biologically rich eco-regions.

The Indus eco-region covers approximately 65% of the province of Sindh and occupies 18 districts of Sindh; a small Northwestern part of the eco-region extends slightly into Balochistan. Located in a semi-arid environment, the eco-region harbors riverine forests along the Indus River, Mangrove forests in the coastal areas and desert ecosystems in the periphery of the eco-region.

For more on Sindh province please visit https://pakistanalmanac.com/sindh-environment-biodiversity/

17/01/2025

Attock is located at the rim of the Potowar (Potohar) Plateau, overlooking the Kabul-Indus River confluence to its north. It is the historic gateway to Central Asia.
Attock district forms part of the Potowar Plateau which typically consists of dry, sparsely vegetated plains intersected by streams and rivers that cut valleys and gorges into sandstones, siltstones, and shales. Low rainfall, the clearing of vegetation for fuel wood, and the development of agricultural land contribute to the parched nature of the landscape.

The Chhachh plain of the district, with its numerous wells, is exceedingly fertile. The rest of the district is poor in natural resources. There are wild tracts of arid mountains and rock that predominate the landscape. The soil is light and shallow, with stone near the surface, and broken up by deep ravines.

Besides the Kala Chitta Range, the Makhad, and Narrara hills enclose the barren ravines of the central zone of the district.
The forests of Kala Chitta Range are home to 9 different species of mammals, which include Punjab urial, barking deer, goral, chinkara, wild sheep, gazelle, wolves, leopards, Asiatic jackal, rhesus monkeys, wild boar, flying squirrel, porcupine, fox, and palm squirrel. Urial, chinkara, chakor, hare, mongoose, wild boar, and yellow-throated martin are also abundant.

For more on Attock district please visit https://pakistanalmanac.com/punjab-attock/ #1633497144852-f0a014d6-aded

16/01/2025

The province of Sindh forms the Lower Indus basin and lies between 23° 35Ꞌ and 28° 29Ꞌ North latitudes and 66° 40Ꞌ and 71° 05Ꞌ East longitudes. It is about 579 km in length from North to South and nearly 442 km in its extreme breadth (281 km average). It has a total area of 140,915 km2. Sindh is bordered in the North by Balochistan and the Punjab, in the East by Rajasthan (India), in the South by the Runn of Kutch and the Arabian Sea and in the West by the Lasbela and Kalat districts of the province of Balochistan.

Sindh is home to a number of historical towns and contains a large number of historical buildings which are protected under the government’s heritage laws. Sindh has produced a large number of historically important poets, writers, and Sufi saints. Some important festivals celebrating the lives of these saints include the annual Urs of Lal Shahbaz Qalandar, Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai, Sachal-Jo-Melo, Melo of Marvi, Cheti Chand, and Gaji Shah-jo-melo. At least two dozen folk festivals are held every year in 5 districts after rabi[2] and kharif[3] crops. There is a wrestling event known as Malh, as well as horse and cattle shows in various districts of Sindh.

For more information on Sindh province and Pakistan please visit https://pakistanalmanac.com/sindh-at-a-glance/

15/01/2025

Chakwal district is one of the four districts that are a part of the Potohar/ Potowar Plateau of Pakistan; the other districts are Attock, Jhelum, and Rawalpindi. This plateau is home to the ancient Soan Valley Civilization/ culture. Fossils, tools, coins, and remains of ancient archaeological sites have been discovered along the Soan River. The earliest Stone Age artifacts have been preserved and displayed at the Museums of Lahore and Karachi. Some of these artifacts date back 500,000 to 100,000 years ago. The Indus Valley civilization is known to have flourished in this region between the 23rd and 18th centuries BC. The archaeological sites discovered in the Soan Valley/ Potowar region are scattered around Rawalpindi and Jhelum districts as well as the Chakwal region.
Chakwal was created as an independent district of Rawalpindi Division in 1985 by combining Chakwal Tehsil of District Jhelum, Talagang tehsil of District Attock and The Police Station Post of Choa Saidan Shah, which was divided from Pind Dahdan Khan Tehsil of District Jhelum.

After the implementation of Punjab Local Government Ordinance 2001, it was given the status of a TMA. In 2005, a new tehsil, Kallar Kahar, was created out of Chakwal tehsil.

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14/01/2025

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province falls into 3 main geographical divisions:

Rugged mountainous regions in the north and west
Comparatively narrow strip of a plain and the plateau between the Indus in the east and the hills in the west along the boundary with erstwhile FATA; these constitute the districts of Peshawar, Kohat, Bannu, and Dera Ismail Khan
The Cis-Indus region of the Hazara (this region comprises of the districts of Abbottabad, Battagram, Haripur, Kohistan, Mansehra, and the newly created Torghar [created in 2011]).

Mountains dominate the northern and the western areas of the province. These mountains are comprised of the Hindu Kush Mountains, Himalaya Mountains, and the Dir, Swat, and Kohistan Ranges.
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13/01/2025

Most of the areas belonging to Narowal district have been inhabited by the Bajwa clan, who claim to be the descendants of the Sun God Suryavansh. Their ancestors used to live in Jaisalmer in Rajasthan, from where they migrated to Sialkot, Gujranwala, Jammu, Gurdaspur and northern (Indian) Punjab, with one tribe member (Raja Shilp) becoming the ruler of Multan before being ousted by Sikandar Lodhi. The Bajwa Jats have 3 branches: the descendants of Manak occupy Pasrur (a tehsil in Sialkot district), Manga’s descendants inhabit Chowinda (Sialkot district) and those of Naru live in Narowal district. According to local traditions, all of Naru’s children died in their infancy, so he consulted an astrologer who told him that a son born under the shade of a tree called chhichhara (Butea frondosa) would live. Naru made the arrangements, and his son born under the tree lived. Sometime afterwards he found another child under the same tree, and when nobody claimed the child, he was adopted by Naru as his second son.

Guru Nanak, the founder of the Sikh religion, died in Narowal on 22 September 1529. The city is also called Dera Nanak Baba. Dera Sahib Railway Station, on the Lahore-Narowal section of Pakistan Railway serves this location. Guru Nanak’s shrine is located by the River Ravi within a distance of 9 km from the railway station. The current building of the railway station was built by a donation from Sardar Popindar Singh, the Maharaja of Patiala. It was restored and renovated by the Government of Pakistan in 1995.

For more on Narowal district please visit https://pakistanalmanac.com/punjab-narowal/ #1633497051713-71377123-3014