16/05/2024
Ever wonder what marriage means in balinese tradition?
Hinduism teaches the concept of Panca Yadnya, which means five sincere offerings. These offerings are made to different entities: gods, ancestors, sages, humans, and spirits. Here's a simple breakdown:
- Dewa Yadnya: Offerings to the gods.
- Pitra Yadnya: Offerings to ancestors.
- Rsi Yadnya: Offerings to sages and priests.
- Manusia Yadnya: Offerings to fellow humans, including life events like marriage.
- Bhuta Yadnya: Offerings to spirits.
Hinduism also emphasizes life stages and goals. The four life stages (Catur Asrama) are:
- Brahmacari: Student life, focusing on learning.
- Grahasta: Householder life, focusing on family and work.
- Wanaprastha: Retired life, focusing on spiritual practices.
- Sanyasin: Renounced life, focusing on achieving liberation (moksha).
The four goals of life (Catur Purusa Artha) are:
- Dharma: Duty and righteousness.
- Artha: Wealth and prosperity.
- K**a: Desires and pleasures.
- Moksha: Spiritual liberation.
Marriage marks the beginning of the Grahasta stage, where individuals build a family and contribute to society.
The Pawiwahan ceremony is the Hindu marriage ritual, part of Manusia Yadnya. It's a sacred event where a man and a woman commit to becoming husband and wife. Marriage in Hindu culture is seen as a duty and a way to continue the family line.
The ceremony has three main witnesses:
- Bhuta saksi: Witnessed through the mabyakala ceremony.
- Dewa saksi: Witnessed through the natab banten pawiwahan ceremony and prayers at the family shrine.
- Manusa saksi: Witnessed by community leaders and family members.
Purpose of Marriage in Hinduism
According to Hindu beliefs, marriage has three main purposes:
- Dharmasampati: Performing religious duties together.
- Praja: Having children to continue the family line.
- Rati: Enjoying a harmonious married life that aligns with religious principles.
Forms of Marriage
Hindu scriptures describe eight forms of marriage, but only a few are accepted today:
- Brahma, Daiwa, Arsa, and Prajapati: These forms are acceptable and respected.
- Asura, Raksasa, and Paisaca: These forms are not accepted as they conflict with modern and religious norms.
In Bali, there are four common forms of marriage:
- Memadik/ Meminang: Proposal.
- Ngerorod/ Ngerangkat: Elopement.
- Nyentana: The man joins the woman's family.
- Kejangkepan: Arranged marriage.
The Ceremony
Choosing an auspicious day is crucial, guided by the Balinese Hindu calendar. The ceremony involves several steps:
- Ngekeb: Preparing the bride.
- Mungkah Lawang: Opening the door ceremony.
- Mesegeh Agung: A grand welcome ceremony.
- Mekala-Kalaan: Symbolic offerings using various items like a sacred knife, threads, and traditional snacks.
- Mewidhi Widana: Prayers led by a priest.
- Mejauman: Farewell ceremony to the bride’s ancestors.
These steps symbolize purification and commitment, ensuring the couple is blessed and their union is sacred.
In essence, the Pawiwahan ceremony is not just a wedding but a series of sacred rituals that bind two individuals together in a spiritual and social commitment. It reflects the deep cultural and religious values of Hinduism, ensuring the couple’s life together is harmonious and blessed.