13/05/2024
Ring Forts of Ireland
Irish ring forts are some of the most common ancient monuments remaining in Ireland today, once homes to many different clans and families, there are estimated to be over fifty thousand of these fortifications scattered in every corner of the country. Modern research is beginning to indicate that not all of them, or even the majority of them, were simple circular stone walls. They might also have been tower halls, like Scottish brochs, with great inward-leaning walls and a roof overhead, supported by a roof-tree.
They go by many names in Irish, such as rath, caiseal or castle, cathair or settlement, dún or fortress, and lios. Some date back to the bronze age but it is believed that most were constructed during the iron age, remaining in use until about 800 AD. They may have had earthen baks built up around them, complete with a wooden wall above that, lending further credence to the idea that these were closer to brochs in their original shape, although they might have been used as cattle pens after they collapsed.
Underneath and around these forts could be found souterrains, low tunnels and crawlspaces which enabled the inhabitants to escape in case invaders made it inside. These led to chambers or caves and to escape routes into the nearby wilderness. It is no coincidence that there were mostly added around the time of the worst of the Viking depredations!
Ring forts can be quite small, in size, or up to a hundred meter across, and their former inhabitants have left behind items associated with every human endeavour, from craftsmanship to trade to raising a family.
The idea that many of these ring forts might have been brochs or tower halls is founded upon several observations.
To begin with, a ruined broch and an Irish ring fort are almost identical, right down to the hollow walls in several examples - a feature not usually associated with defensive walls. Almost all of the Scottish brochs look like supposed ring forts now, besides the most remote examples, because locals carted away their plentiful unmortared drystone and used it for field walls, farmhouses and other buildings. It is reasonable to assume a similar fate befell Irish halls.
The idea that they were used as livestock pens, at least initially, runs into trouble because it would be almost impossible to fit an animal wider than a human being into their single defensible entryway, unless the Irish had developed some sort of tackle and winch apparatus to haul live cattle over and back in the mornings and evenings. In terms of defence, the low, uncrenellated walls would have difficulty keeping out a determined wolf, let alone armed raiders, of which there was no shortage even before the Vikings arrived.
Although we look at ring forts today and see nice, neat, levelled walls, most of those were badly reconstructed in the 19th century by enthusiasts with no clear idea what they were doing.
Many ring forts have a central stone platform which is usually listed as "building" despite being only a meter or two across. Rather tight quarters for a building, but an excellent foundation for the central pillar or roof tree of a tower hall! If one wanted to build a hearthstone there are many better and easier ways of doing it than hauling in and embedding a massive slab of rock.
These broch-ring-forts could easily have been designed with internal wooden stairs and walkways, which would not have survived either their demise or the intervening millennia and centuries. And then we have the continued references to towers in Irish mythology, such as at Tory Island, Túr na Rí, the Tower of the king.
Read more here: https://emeraldisle.ie/ring-forts