Successors of Mongol History

21/05/2018

Сайханы хөтөл, СЭЛЭНГЭ аймаг.

19/03/2018

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11/03/2018

11/03/2018

Монгол цаг тоолол
Нар ургахаас аваад шингэх хүртэлх хугацааг өдөр гэх ба нар шингэхээс аваад ургах хүртэлх хугацааг шөнө гэдэг буюу энэ хоёр хугацааг нэг хоног гэдэг. Нэг хоногийн 24 цаг, Монгол цагаар нэг цаг нь одоогийн хоёр цагтай таарах бөгөөд үүнийг нарны байдалтай уялдуулан үзүүлбэл:

Хулгана цаг – Шөнө дөл 23.40 – 01.40

Үхэр цаг – Шөнө дөл хэлбийх 01.40 – 03.40,

Бар цаг – Гэгээ шарлах 03.40 – 05.40,

Туулай цаг – Үүр цайх 05.40 – 07.40,

Луу цаг – Нар мандах 07.40 – 09.40,

Могой цаг – Нар хөөрөх 09.40 – 11.40,

Морь цаг – Үд дунд 11.40 – 13.40,

Хонь цаг – Үд хэвийх 13.40 – 15.40,

Бич цаг – Нар гудайх 15.40 – 17.40,

Тахиа цаг – Нар жаргах 17.40 – 19.40,

Нохой цаг – Үдэш 19.40 – 21.40,

Гахай цаг – Харуй бүрий болох 21.40 – 23.40 гэсэн цагийг тус тус заадаг.

ӨДРИЙН САЙН ЦАГУУД:

Хулгана, Морь өдрийн: Хулгана, үхэр, туулай, морь, бич, тахиа цаг

Үхэр, Хонь өдрийн: Бар, туулай, могой, бич, нохой, гахай цаг

Бар, Бич өдрийн: Луу, могой, хонь, нохой, хулгана, үхэр цаг

Тахиа, Туулай өдрийн: Морь, хонь, тахиа, хулгана, бар, туулай цаг

Нохой, Луу өдрийн: Могой, бич, тахиа, гахай, бар, луу цаг

Гахай, Могой өдрийн: Үхэр, луу, морь, хонь, нохой, гахай цаг

Монголчууд цаг агаарын байдлыг ажиглаж жилийг хавар, зун, намар, өвөл дөрвөн улирал болгон хувааж байжээ. Энэ дөрвөн улирал нь арван хоёр жил үүсэх гол үндэс болсон байна.Дөрвөн улирлаа гурав гурав хувааж арван хоёр сар болгон амьтдын нэр өгчээ. Энэ нэрээрээ 12 жилээ бас нэрлэжээ.Эдгээр амьтдын нэр хулгана, үхэр, бар, туулай, луу, могой, морь, хонь, бич, тахиа, нохой, гахай юм.Мөн өдрийг арван хоёр цаг болгон хувааж, эдгээр амьтдын нэрээр нэрлэжээ. Дорно дахины он тооллын мод, гал, шороо, төмөр, усыг таван махбод гэж нэрлэдэг. Эдгээр таван махбодыг өнгөөр төлөөлүүлж өргөн хэрэглэдэг. Модыг хөх, галыг улаан, шороог шар, төмрийг цагаан, усыг хар гэж нэрлэдэг. Таван махбодоо эр, эм болгон тоолдог. Хөхийг эр, хөхөгчнийг эм, улааныг эр, улаагчныг эм, шарыг эр, шарагчныг эм, цагааныг эр, цагаагчныг эм, харыг эр, харагчныг эм гэж тоолно. Энэ өнгийн дэс дарааллаар хөх хулгана, хөхөгчин үхэр, улаан бар, улаагчин туулай, шар луу, шарагчин могой гэх мэтээр эр, эмээр салаавчлан тоолдог. Ингэж тоолоход 1-р хулгана хөх, 2-р хулгана улаан, 3-р хулгана шар, 4-р хулгана цагаан, 5-р хулгана хар болох бөгөөд бүх амьтан энэ мэтээр таван өнгөөр тоологдоно. Энэ нь арван хоёр жил таван удаа давтагдана гэсэн үг. Тэгээд энэ таван арван хоёр жилийг жаран жил буюу нэг жаран гэж нэрлэдэг. Нэг жаранд 30 эр, 30 эм жил байна. Энэ он тоолол заавал хөх хулгана жилээр эхэлдэг. Монгол зурхайд арван хоёр жил чухал үүрэгтэй. Зурхайн ёсоор ивээл жилүүд гэж байдаг. Бар, нохой, морь гурав ивээл, хулгана, луу, бич гурав ивээл, үхэр, могой, тахиа гурав ивээл, гахай, хонь, туулай гурав ивээл жилүүд юм. Үүнээс гадна жилийг зөөлөн, хатуу гэж хоёр хуваадаг. Хулгана, үхэр, туулай, могой, хонь, бич, тахиа долоо зөөлөн жил, бар, морь, луу, нохой, гахай тав хатуу жил юм. Монгол хүмүүс гэрлэх, үс авах, нас барсан хүнийг оршуулах зэрэг бүх зүйлд тэр хүннй төрсөн жил, сар, өдөр, цагийг хардаг. Энэ их чухал зүйл юм. Зөөлөн, хатуу жилтэй хүмүүс гэрлэвэл муу гэж үздэг. Харин хоёр хатуу, хоёр зөөлөн жилтэй, ивээл жилтэй хүмүүс гэрлэвэл сайн гэж үздэг юм байна.

11/03/2018

Falconry
Falconry is the hunting of wild animals in its natural state and habitat by means of a trained bird of prey. There are two traditional terms used to describe a person involved in falconry: a falconer flies a falcon; an austringer (German origin) flies a hawk (Accipiter and some buteos and similar) or an eagle (Aquila or similar). In modern falconry, the red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis), the Harris's hawk (Parabuteo unicinctus), and the peregrine falcon (Falco perigrinus) are some of the more commonly used birds of prey. The practice of hunting with a conditioned falconry bird is also called "hawking" or "gamehawking", although the words "hawking" and "hawker" have become used so much to refer to petty traveling traders, that the terms "falconer" and "falconry" now apply to most use of trained birds of prey to catch game. Many contemporary practitioners still use these words in their original meaning, however.

In early English falconry literature, the word "falcon" referred to a female falcon only, while the word "hawk" or "hawke" referred to a female hawk. A male hawk or falcon was referred to as a "tiercel" (sometimes spelled "tercel") as it was roughly one third less than the female in size.

11/03/2018

Throat singing(Khoomei)
Mongolian throat singing is one particular variant of overtone singing practiced by people in Mongolia, Inner Mongolia, Tuva and Siberia. It is inscribed in 2009 on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity of UNESCO, under the name Mongolian art of singing, Khoomei.[1]

In Mongolian throat singing, the performer produces a fundamental pitch and—simultaneously—one or more pitches over that.[2] The history of Mongolian throat singing reaches far back. Many male herders can throat sing, but women are beginning to practice the technique as well. The popularity of throat singing among Mongolians seems to have arisen as a result of geographic location and culture. The open landscape of Mongolia allows for the sounds to carry a great distance. Ethnomusicologists studying throat singing in these areas mark khoomei as an integral part in the ancient pastoral animism that is still practiced today. Often, singers travel far into the countryside looking for the right river, or go up to the steppes of the mountainside to create the proper environment for throat-singing.[3]

The animistic world view of this region identifies the spirituality of objects in nature, not just in their shape or location, but in their sound as well.[4] Thus, human mimicry of nature's sounds is seen as the root of throat singing. An example of this is the Mongolian story of the waterfall above the Buyant Gol (Deer River), where mysterious harmonic sounds are said to have attracted deer to bask in the waters, and where it is said harmonic sounds were first revealed to people.[citation needed] Indeed, the cultures in this part of Asia have developed many instruments and techniques to mimic the sounds of animals, wind, and water.[citation needed] While the cultures of this region share throat singing, their styles vary in breadth of development.

Ordinarily, melodies are created by isolating the 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th and 12th partial in accordance with the harmonic series. Thus, if the fundamental frequency were C3, the overtones would be G5, B♭5, C6, D6, E6, G6. However, it is possible to reach as low as the 2nd and as high as the 24th. The fundamental pitch is typically around a G below middle C, and this affects the range of partials the singer can reach, with higher partials more easily reached on lower notes, and vice versa.

11/03/2018

Mongolian calligraphy
Mongolian calligraphy is a kind of calligraphy of the Mongolian people of Central Asia. Like most other calligraphies in East Asia (e.g. Chinese calligraphy and other calligraphic techniques rooted from Chinese calligraphy, such as Korean calligraphy and Japanese calligraphy) it is mostly done with a brush.

Although the Mongolian language in Mongolia uses a Cyrillic orthography adopted during the Communist era, Mongolian calligraphy is written in the traditional Mongolian bichig script. In 2013, Mongolian calligraphy was inscribed on the UNESCO List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding. At present, only three middle-aged scholars voluntarily train the small community of just over twenty young calligraphers. Traditionally, mentors select the best students and train them to be calligraphers over a period of five to eight years. Students and teachers bond for life and continue to stimulate each other’s artistic endeavours. The rate of social transformation, urbanization and globalization have led to a significant drop in the number of young calligraphers.

04/03/2018

ХАНДЛАГА ЗӨВтэй оюутан,залуусыг туршлага хамаарахгүй СУРГААД АВЪЯ.
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Хүүхдийн аялалын "Хөтөч тайлбарлагч"-д оюутан залуусыг шалгаруулж тогтмол АЖЛЫН БАЙРААР хангана.
Бүртгэлийг ердөө 2хон өдөр авах ба ажлын туршлагагүй ч ЗӨВ ХАНДЛАГАТАЙ, СЭТГЭЛТЭЙ байвал манайхаас сургалтанд хамруулаад өөрийн цагуудыг үндэслэн ажлаар хангана.
Бүртгэлийн өдөр сунгагдлаа: 2018.03.06-07-ны өдөр 13-18цагийн хооронд 1-р сургуулийн урд байрлах ЧОНОН БӨРТ төвийн 316 тоотод бүртгэнэ.
Дэлгэрэнгүй мэдээллийг 94191174, 99592666, 96909101 утсаар авна уу?

01/03/2018

Хоргын тогоо, Архангай аймаг.

28/02/2018

ХАНДЛАГА ЗӨВтэй оюутан,залуусыг туршлага хамаарахгүй СУРГААД АВЪЯ.
-
Хүүхдийн аялалын "Хөтөч тайлбарлагч"-д оюутан залуусыг шалгаруулж тогтмол АЖЛЫН БАЙРААР хангана.
Бүртгэлийг ердөө 2хон өдөр авах ба ажлын туршлагагүй ч ЗӨВ ХАНДЛАГАТАЙ, СЭТГЭЛТЭЙ байвал манайхаас сургалтанд хамруулаад өөрийн цагуудыг үндэслэн ажлаар хангана.
Бүртгэлийн өдөр: 2018.03.03-04-ны өдөр 10-18цагийн хооронд 1-р сургуулийн урд байрлах ЧОНОН БӨРТ төвийн 316 тоотод бүртгэнэ.
Дэлгэрэнгүй мэдээллийг 94191174, 99592666, 96909101 утсаар авна уу?

20/02/2018

Нэгэн охиноос багш нь: - Гэр чинь хаана байдаг вэ ? гэж асуухад охин: - Миний ээжийн байгаа газар гэж хэлсэн гэдэг. Ээж гэдэг хүүхдүүдийнхээ ертөнц нь бүх юм...

11/02/2018

Grey Wolf legend
The wolf symbolizes honor and is also considered the mother of most Turkic peoples. Asena is the name of one of the ten sons who were given birth by a mythical wolf in Turkic mythology.

The legend tells of a young boy who survived a raid on his village. A she-wolf finds the injured child and nurses him back to health. He subsequently impregnates the wolf which then gives birth to ten half-wolf, half-human boys. One of these, Ashina, becomes their leader and establishes the Ashina clan which ruled the Göktürks and other Turkic nomadic empires. The wolf, pregnant with the boy's offspring, escaped her enemies by crossing the Western Sea to a cave near to the Qocho mountains, one of the cities of the Tocharians. The first Turks subsequently migrated to the Altai regions, where they are known as expert in ironworkers, as the Scythians are also known to have been.

11/02/2018

'Phags-pa script (Square script)
The traditional Mongolian alphabet is not a perfect fit for the Mongolian language, and it would be impractical to extend it to a language with a very different phonology like Chinese. Therefore, during the Yuan Dynasty (ca. 1269), Kublai Khan asked a Tibetan monk, Drogön Chögyal Phagpa, to design a new script for use by the whole empire. Phagpa extended his native Tibetan script to encompass Mongolian and Chinese; the result was known by several descriptive names, such as the Mongolian new script, but today is known as the 'Phags-pa script. The script did not receive wide acceptance and fell into disuse with the collapse of the Yuan dynasty in 1368. After this it was mainly used as a phonetic gloss for Mongols learning Chinese characters. However, scholars such as Gari Ledyard believe that in the meantime it was the source of some of the basic letters of the Korean hangul alphabet.

11/02/2018

Galik alphabet
In 1587, the translator and scholar Ayuush Güüsh created the Galik alphabet, inspired by Sonam Gyatso, the third Dalai Lama. It primarily added extra letters to transcribe Tibetan and Sanskrit terms in religious texts, and later also from Chinese & Russian. Later some of these letters officially merged to traditional alphabet as group named "Galig usug" to transcribe foreign word in today's use.
Todo alphabet
In 1648, the Oirat Buddhist monk Zaya Pandita created this variation with the goal of bringing the written language closer to the actual Oirat pronunciation, and to make it easier to transcribe Tibetan and Sanskrit. The script was used by Kalmyks of Russia until 1924, when it was replaced by the Cyrillic alphabet. In Xinjiang, China, the Oirats still use it.

10/02/2018

Classic Mongolian script
Traditional alphabet
At the very beginning of the Mongol Empire, around 1204, Genghis Khan defeated the Naimans and captured an Uyghur scribe called Tata-tonga, who then adapted the Uyghur alphabet—a descendant of the Syriac alphabet, via Sogdian—to write Mongol. With only minor modifications, it is used in Inner Mongolia to this day. Its most salient feature is its vertical direction; it is the only vertical script that is written from left to right. (All other vertical writing systems are written right to left.) This is because the Uyghurs rotated their script 90 degrees anticlockwise to emulate the Chinese writing system.

As a variant of the traditional script there exists a vertical square script (Босоо дөрвөлжин), also called folded script, used e.g. on the Mongolian banknotes.

10/02/2018

Precursors
The Xianbei spoke a proto-Mongolic language and wrote down several pieces of literature in their language. They are believed to have used Chinese characters to phonetically represent Xianbei like the Japanese system of Man'yōgana but all works written in Xianbei are now lost.

The Khitan spoke a proto mongolic language called Khitan language and had developed two scripts for writing their language: Khitan large script, a logographic script derived from Chinese characters, and Khitan small script, derived from Uighur.

09/02/2018

09/02/2018

Gandantegchinlen Monastery
The Gandantegchinlen Monastery (Mongolian: Гандантэгчинлэн хийд, Gandantegchinlen khiid, short name: Gandan Mongolian: Гандан) is a Mongolian Buddhist monastery in the Mongolian capital of Ulaanbaatar that has been restored and revitalized since 1990. The Tibetan name translates to the "Great Place of Complete Joy". It currently has over 150 monks in residence. It features a 26.5-meter-high statue of Avalokiteśvara. It came under state protection in 1994.

09/02/2018

Clothing
Mongolian dress has changed little since the days of the empire, because it is supremely well-adapted to the conditions of life on the steppe and the daily activities of pastoral nomads. However, there have been some changes in styles which distinguish modern Mongolian dress from historic costume. The deel, or kaftan, is the Mongolian traditional garment worn on workdays and special days. It is a long, loose gown cut in one piece with the sleeves; it has a high collar and widely overlaps at the front. The deel is girdled with a sash. Mongolian deels always close on the wearer's right and traditionally have five fastenings. Modern deels often have decoratively cut overflaps, small round necklines, and sometimes contain a Mandarin collar.

Depictions of Mongols during the time of the empire, however, show deels with more open necklines, no collars, and very simply cut overflaps, similar to the deels still worn by lamas in modern Mongolia. In addition to the deel, men and women might wear loose trousers beneath, and men may have worn skirts during the later Buddhist period, and women might wear underskirts, but in fact it appears on some Mongol paintings women wore wide trousers gathered at ankle, similar to shelwar or Turkish trousers. Skirts of the same style are still worn in part of Mongolia and China today; they have plain front and back panels with closely pleated side panels. Paintings of Mongols from Persian and Chinese sources depict men, and often women, wearing their hair in braids. The hair would be divided into two pigtails, each of which would be divided into three braids. The ends of the braids would then be looped up and bound to the top of the braid behind the ears. Men shaved the tops and sides of their heads, usually leaving only a short "forelock" in front and the long hair behind. The famous bogtag headdress worn by women seems to have been restricted to married women of very high rank.[12]

Each ethnic group living in Mongolia has its own deel design distinguished by cut, color, and trimming. Before the revolution, all social strata in Mongolia had their own manner of dressing. Livestock breeders, for example, wore plain deels, which served them both summer and winter. The priests wore yellow deels with a cape or khimj thrown over it. Secular feudal lords put on smart hats and silk waistcoats.

07/02/2018

Cuisine
The Mongolian cuisine is primarily based on meat and spices, with some regional variations. The most common meat is mutton, supplemented in the desert south by camel meat, and in the northern mountains by beef (including yak). Dairy products are made from mare's milk (Airag), from cattle, yaks, and camels (e.g. clotted cream). Popular dishes include buuz (a type of meat dumpling), khuushuur (a meat pastry), khorkhog (a meat stew, usually a special meal for guests), and boortsog (a sweet biscuit).

Starting in the second half of the 20th century, vegetables are increasingly becoming a part of the Mongol diet as well. In Ulaanbaatar, there is a wide range of imported food available.

07/02/2018

Mongolian People's Republic Part 2
In 1939, Soviet and Mongolian troops fought against Japan in the Battle of Khalkhyn Gol, in Eastern Mongolia.[51] In August 1945, at the end of World War II, Mongolian troops took part in the Soviet operations against Japan in Inner Mongolia.

Russian historian Viktor Suvorov wrote that in the Soviet war with Germany, Mongolian aid was as important as American aid, because warm clothes decided victory or defeat in the battles. [52][53][54]

Also in August 1945, the Republic of China had finally agreed to recognize Mongolia's independence if a vote were held. The vote took place in the presence of Chinese observers on 20 October.[55] The official result was 100% for independence.

After the 1949 Communist victory in China, Mongolia had good relations with both of her neighbors. When the Sino-Soviet split developed in the 1960s, she aligned herself firmly with the Soviet Union. In 1960, Mongolia gained a seat in the UN, after earlier attempts had failed due to U.S. and Republic of China vetos.

The post-war years also saw the acceleration of the drive towards creating a socialist society. In the 1950s, livestock was collectivized again. At the same time, state farms were established, and, with extensive aid from the USSR and China, infrastructure projects like the Trans-Mongolian Railway were completed. In the 1960s, Darkhan was built with aid from Soviet Union and other COMECON countries, and in the 1970s the Erdenet kombinat was created.

04/02/2018

Mongolian People's Republic
Bogd Khan failed in his efforts to get aid from Japan and the United States for regaining the independence of Mongolia from China. Later the Chinese forces were defeated by Baron Ungern, but at the same time the Mongolian People's Party (MPP) had been established. The Soviet government saw this party as instrumental for driving Ungern's troops from Mongolia.

The MPP was established in early 1921 as a merger of two underground revolutionary groups who had their own views on the future of Mongolia. One of these groups was headed by Soliin Danzan, and the other group was headed by Bodoo. They sought aid from the Soviet Union, which was unacceptable to Bogd Khan. However, for the sake of the country's independence, Bogd Khan endorsed the MPP's letter to the Soviet government. However, the Soviet Union chose not to respond to Bogd Khan's government, instead looking to the MPP to become the rulers of Mongolia.

The Mongolian Revolution of 1921 began on 18 March, when 400 volunteer troops led by Sukhbaatar attacked the 2,000-man Chinese garrison in Kyakhta at the northern frontier of Mongolia. The Mongolian volunteer troops and units of the Soviet Red Army advanced to the south, annihilating the remainder of the defeated Chinese troops and Ungern's White troops. The main battles undertaken by the Mongolian troops took place at Tujiin Nars against the Chinese and at Zelter and Bulnai against the White troops. Simultaneously, Khatanbaatar Magsarjav, who had been sent by Baron Ungern to the western provinces, revolted and allied himself with the MPP. He defeated the White troops led by Kazantsev, Vandanov, and Bakich. Mongolian and Soviet troops led by Khasbaatar and Baikalov withstood a long encirclement by the Whites at Lake Tolbo (in present-day Bayan-Ölgii aimag). Baron Ungern, after a conspiracy, was deserted by his troops and captured by a detachment of the Red Army. The MPP troops and Russian Red Army troops entered Urga in July 1921.

Thus the Revolution ended Chinese occupation of Mongolia and defeated White Russian forces in Mongolia. Also that year, Mongolian revolutionary leaders adopted the Statement of Reunification of Mongolia.

In 1924, during secret meetings with the Republic of China, the Soviet Union agreed to China's claim to Mongolia.[47] The Soviet Union officially recognized Mongolian independence in 1945.[47]

The revolutionary government kept Bogd Khan as nominal head of state, but the actual power was in the hands of the MPP and its Soviet (especially Buryat and Kalmyk) counselors. After the mysterious death of Bogd Khan in 1924, the MPP moved quickly to promulgate a Soviet-style constitution, abolishing monarchy and declaring the Mongolian People's Republic on 26 November 1924. Mongolia became completely isolated from the world by the MPP government, which followed the Soviet Union in implementing the Communist experiment. On the other hand, this also provided protection against the potential aggression of China.

In 1928, Mongolian politics took a sharp leftward turn. Herds were forcibly collectivized, private trade and transport were forbidden, and monasteries and the nobility came under attack. This led to an economic breakdown and to widespread unrest and armed uprisings in 1932. The MPP and Soviet troops defeated the rebels in October.

But as a result, the MPP withdrew its most aggressively socialist policies, as advised by the Comintern, instead adopting the Шинэ эргэлтийн бодлого (Shine ergeltiin boglogo, the so-called "Policy of the New Turn"). The "New Turn" included the purging of the most leftist members of the leadership under the pretext of нугалаа (nugalaa "bending") and liberalized development of the economy, and was favored by new leaders such as Prime Minister P. Genden. However, they did not realize that this was a temporary tactical retreat by Stalin and the Comintern. Another wave of repressions began in 1937, presided over by Khorloogiin Choibalsan, and resulted in the almost complete elimination of the Buddhist clergy.

The Buryat Mongols started to migrate to Mongolia in the 1900s due to Russian oppression.[48] Stalin stopped the migration in 1930 and initiated genocide in Mongolia against both immigrants and native Mongolians. During the Stalinist repressions in Mongolia many Buryat men and 22,000–33,000 Mongols were killed by Soviet orders. The victims were 3%–5% of the total population, and included monks, Pan-Mongolists, nationalists, patriots, military officers, nobles, intellectuals, and common citizens.[49] [50] Some authors also offer much higher estimates, up to 100,000 victims.[50] At this time, Mongolia had an overall population of about 700,000 to 900,000 people. The proportion of victims to the total population was much higher than during the Great Purge in the Soviet Union.

04/02/2018

Music
Mongolia has a very old musical tradition. Key traditional elements are throat-singing, the Morin Khuur (horse head fiddle) and other string instruments, and several types of songs. Mongolian melodies are typically characterized by pentatonic harmonies and long end notes.

In the 20th century, western style classical music has been introduced, and mixed with traditional elements by some composers. Later on the full palette of Pop and Rock music has also been adopted by younger musicians.

The Mongolian Waltz is a dance unique to Mongolia. Typically, one mounted horseman and one mounted horsewoman circle each other in time to a traditional song, which speeds up as it progresses. The three step gait of the horses, as they circle, gives the dance its name.

01/02/2018

Fine arts
Before the 20th century, most works of the fine arts in Mongolia had a religious function, and therefore Mongolian fine arts were heavily influenced by religious texts. Thangkas were usually painted or made in applique technique. Bronze sculptures usually showed Buddhist deities. A number of great works are attributed to the first Jebtsundamba Khutuktu, Zanabazar.

In the late 19th century, painters like "Marzan" Sharav turned to more realistic painting styles. Under the Mongolian People's Republic, socialist realism was the dominant painting style, however traditional thangka-like paintings dealing with secular, nationalist themes were also popular, a genre known as "Mongol zurag".

Among the first attempts to introduce modernism into the fine arts of Mongolia was the painting Ehiin setgel (Mother's love) created by Tsevegjav in the 1960s. The artist was purged as his work was censored.

All forms of fine arts flourished only after "Perestroika" in the late 1980s. Otgonbayar Ershuu is an important painter of the time, he was portrayed in the film "ZURAG" by Tobias Wulff.
Description of First Picture: 19th Century Mongolian distemper with highlights of gold, depicting Shakyamuni flanked by Chenrezig and Manjushri
Description of Second Picture: White Tara by Öndör Gegeen Zanabazar, 17th century, Mongolia. At the Fine Arts Museum, Ulaanbaatar

01/02/2018

Northern Yuan and Four Oirat
By 1368 the Mongols who established the Yuan dynasty a century ago had been expelled from China to Mongolia. The Dongxiangs, Bonans, Yugur and Monguor people came under rule of Chinese Ming dynasty. The Mongol regime after this time until the 17th century is often referred to as the Northern Yuan dynasty, or the Forty and the Four (Дөчин дөрвөн хоёр), meaning the forty Tumens of the Mongols and the four Tumens of the Oirats.

Biligtü Khan Ayushiridara was enthroned in 1370 after the death of the last Yuan emperor. The Ming dynasty founded by native Chinese began aggressions against Mongolia-based Northern Yuan from the year 1372. Mongol warlord Köke Temür defeated a 150,000 Ming force on the river Orkhon in 1373. Ming army invaded Mongolia again in 1380 and looted Karakorum and other cities, but the invasions of Mongolia by Ming armies in 1381 and 1392 were expelled. Nevertheless, Yuan royalists in Yunnan had surrendered to the Ming dynasty by the early 1380s.
Naghachu, a Mongol commander of Ayushiridara in Liaoyang province, invaded Liaodong with aims of restoring the Yuan dynasty. However, he, along with his troops (sized about 200,000) finally surrendered to the Ming dynasty in 1387–88 after a successful diplomacy of the latter.[26] Ming China send Qui Fu's cavalry into Mongolia, but was chased out by Buyanshri Khan (1405–1412). In response, the Yongle Emperor of Ming China personally invaded Mongolia in 1409, 1414, 1422, 1423, and 1424. Mongols remained powerful even after the fall of the Yuan dynasty but number of the Mongols decreased due to the fall of the Mongol Empire, wars and assimilation (turkization). As the Ming dynasty understood its own disability of conquering Mongolia by military force, it started a policy of provoking the groups of Mongols to quarrel with one another, as well as economic blockade.[27]

A long period of feudal separatism and rivalry for the Khan's throne started in Mongolia by the early 15th century. The military strength of the Mongols during the Yuan dynasty was that they were able to mobilize an army of 400,000 warriors (40 tumens). Assuming that an average household consisted of 4 people and every adult man was a warrior, it can be estimated that the Mongol population in the Yuan dynasty counted at least 1,600,000 people. However, the amount of 40 tumens remained only in the name of the Mongols after the fall of the Yuan dynasty as only 6 tumens were able to retreat to Mongolia and the remaining 34 tumens were lost to the Chinese Ming dynasty. These 6 tumens were grouped into the 3 tumens of the left wing ruled by the Mongol Khan and the 3 tumens of the right wing ruled by Jinong, vassal of the Khan. There were about 250,000 Mongols staying in South China and many of these Mongols who were unable to retreat to Mongolia were killed by the Chinese.
The Oirats constituted another 4 tumens. They stayed in Mongolia proper during the Yuan dynasty and sided Ariq Böke, Kaidu and Nayan in their anti-Kublai struggle. By the 15th century the Oirats occupied the Altay Mountains region. The Oirats were ruled by a Taishi who was a vassal of the Khan.
The first half of the 15th century saw a rivalry of Oirat Taishis for the throne of the Khan and the second half of the 15th century saw a separatist movement of the Taishis in the right wing tumens.
In the late 14th century Mongolia was divided into two parts: Western Mongolia (Oirats) and Eastern Mongolia (Khalkha, Southern Mongols, Barga, Buryats).

Western Mongolian Oirats and Eastern Mongolian Khalkhas vied for domination in Mongolia since the 14th century and this conflict weakened Mongolian strength.

30/01/2018

Fragmentation of the Mongol Empire and Yuan rule
The establishment of the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368) by Kublai Khan accelerated the fragmentation of the Mongol Empire. The Mongol Empire fractured into four khanates including the Yuan dynasty in China and Mongolia, and the three western khanates, i.e. the Golden Horde, the Chagatai Khanate and the Ilkhanate, although later Yuan emperors were seen as the nominal suzerains of the western khanates.
The transition of the capital of the Mongol Empire from Karakorum to Khanbaliq (Dadu, modern-day Beijing) by Kublai Khan in 1264 was opposed by many Mongols. Thus, Ariq Böke's struggle was for keeping the center of the Empire in Mongolia homeland. After Ariq Böke's death, the struggle was continued by Kaidu, a grandson of Ogedei Khan and de facto ruler of the Chagatai Khanate until 1301 as well as lord Nayan in 1287, although the Mongolian steppe was controlled by Kublai Khan and his successors after the Toluid Civil War.
Kublai invited lama Drogön Chögyal Phagpa of Sakya school of Tibetan Buddhism to spread Buddhism throughout his realm (the second introduction of Buddhism among the Mongols). Buddhism became the de facto state religion of the Mongol Yuan state. In 1269, Kublai Khan commissioned Phagpa lama to design a new writing system to unify the writing systems of the multilingual empire. The 'Phags-pa script, also known as the "Square script", was based on the Tibetan script and written vertically from top was designed to write in Mongolian, Tibetan, Chinese, Uighur and Sanskrit languages and served as the official script of the empire.
Kublai Khan announced the establishment of the Yuan dynasty in 1271. The Yuan dynasty included Mongolia homeland, the territories of the former Jin and Song dynasties and some adjacent territories such as a major part of southern Siberia. Kublai established a government with institutions resembling the ones in earlier Chinese dynasties such as the Zhongshu Sheng to lead the civil administration in the Yuan realm, yet at the same time introduced a hierarchy of reliability by dividing the subjects of the Yuan dynasty into 4 ranks. The highest rank included the Mongols, the second rank included the peoples to the west of Mongolia, the third rank included the subjects of the former Jin dynasty such as Northern Chinese, the Khitans and Jurchens, and the lowest rank comprised the subjects of the former Song dynasty such as the Han ethnic group in South China.