17/09/2024
About 20 years after its unveiling - with the help of prisoners- the rare mosaic discovered in the Antiquities Authority excavations in Megiddo Prison (Kefar 'Othnay) is on display at the Museum of the Bible in Washington.
The oldest inscription in Israel, which mentions the name of Jesus as God, appears in the important mosaic. The mosaic, which dates to the first third of the 3rd century CE, was part of one of the oldest Christian houses of worship in the world, Domus Ecclesia, and is important evidence of the formation of the Christian religion. At the end of the excavation, the mosaic was then covered in order to preserve it. Now, a process is underway to move the prison complex to another place and, in its place - to establish an open archaeological park as part of a national park.
During the excavations in the prison, which were conducted in 2004-2008 under the direction of Dr. Yotam Teper, evidence of daily life in the Roman and Byzantine periods was uncovered - rooms, courtyards, purification mikvehs, and cooking facilities. On the edge of the site, a large building was discovered - apparently a house of worship. In a rectangular hall, at one of its wings, archeologists found a mosaic floor decorated with geometric patterns, a medallion with fish, and three inscriptions in Greek: a Roman officer, "Gaianus," who donated "his own money" to have a mosaic made, the second emphasizes the memory of four women by their names, and the third commemorates the name of a woman who donated a table to "God Jesus Christ."
The depictions of fish in the mosaic are symbols of Jesus in early Christianity. The combination of the inscriptions, which link a Roman officer to Christianity in a structure built even before Christianity was recognized as the official religion of the empire (324 CE), is rare and unique; therefore, the discovery contributes important information to understanding the development of Christianity in its early stages.
The site in the Megiddo prison is identified with Kefar 'Othnay - a village whose inhabitants were Jews and Samaritans, and according to the archaeological find, there were also soldiers in the Roman army, whose religion was Christian. The ancient village was next to the "Iron Legion" camp - the camp of the 6th Roman legion (Legio VI Ferrata) during the 2nd and 3rd centuries CE.
In the excavations of Megiddo Prison, many other impressive items were discovered, which are currently on display in the new exhibition in Washington. One of them, dating from the Roman period and which testifies to the existence of pagan domestic worship at the site, is a copper statue of Lares - a Roman god whose role was to guard the house or cities and roads. The magnificent sculpture shows a young figure wearing a short tunic, holding a drinking horn and a bowl. Another item found at the site of the legion camp, near the village of 'Othnay, is a head statue made of marble from the Roman period, the 2nd-3rd centuries CE. This statue, of a Roman emperor - probably from the Severan dynasty, depicts the emperor as a god who was worshiped during his lifetime. This statue testifies to the worship of the emperor held in the legion camp.
Photographs: Emil Eljem, Allegra Sabriago, Mark Abrahami, Israel Antiquities Authority.