23/04/2020
Data as received by WHO from national authorities by 10:00 CEST, 22 April 2020
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)
Situation Report – 93
HIGHLIGHTS
• WHO is deeply saddened at the death of a member of personnel during a
security incident in Rakhine district of Myanmar, who was transporting COVID-
19 surveillance samples in support of the Ministry of Health and Sports. WHO
condemns targeting of health workers involved in the COVID-19 response. More
information is available here.
• As of 22 April, Japan changed the method of reporting deaths, which now
includes both the number of (i) deceased cases with complete data matching and
verification; and (ii) deceased cases whose data matching and verification are in
progress. The notable increase in the number of deaths reported from Japan can
be attributed to this change.
• A WHO mission to Belarus has recommended the introduction of community-
wide steps to increase physical distancing. More information is available here.
• OpenWHO has launched a new online course on Standard precautions: Hand
hygiene. The module has been prepared to help summarize the WHO guidelines
on hand hygiene, associated tools and ideas for effective implementation. To
date, there has been more than 1.5 million enrolments in the platform's
courses to support the COVID-19 response.
• The WHO Information Network for Epidemics (EPI-WIN) was launched at the
beginning of the COVID-19 outbreak, specifically for infodemic management.
For updates and more information, see the ‘Subject in Focus’ below.
• WHO issued guidance on Safe Ramadan practices in the context of COVID-19,
which is available in Arabic, English, French, Russian and Spanish. For details,
see the ‘Subject in Focus’ below.
Figure 1. Countries, territories or areas with reported confirmed cases of COVID-19, 22 April 2020
SITUATION IN NUMBERS
total (new cases in last 24 hours)
Globally
2 471 136 confirmed (73 920)
169 006 deaths (6058)
European Region
1 219 486 confirmed (32 302)
109 952 deaths (3618)
Region of the Americas
925 291 confirmed (32 172)
44 775 deaths (2089)
Eastern Mediterranean Region
139 349 confirmed (4879)
6326 deaths (141)
Western Pacific Region
136 271 confirmed (1765)
5793 deaths (108)
South-East Asia Region
33 912 confirmed (2242)
1427 deaths (86)
African Region
16 115 confirmed (560)
720 deaths (16)
WHO RISK ASSESSMENT
Global Level Very HighSUBJECT IN FOCUS: Infodemic management: the right information at the right time
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic response requires rapid action from multiple sectors of society and government.
Individuals need to adopt new behaviors; societies need to implement new public health measures; businesses need
to develop new services to operate differently; faith leaders need to change practices to protect their communities;
and the sports and entertainment sectors need to make difficult decisions to protect the public’s health. For this to
happen, people need answers to their questions and advice designed for their needs and contexts. The WHO
Information Network for Epidemics (EPI-WIN) was launched at the beginning of the COVID-19 outbreak, specifically
to meet these information demands and those of future pandemics and emergencies.
Since January 2020, EPI-WIN has been engaging with some of the most vital sectors involved in the COVID-19
response through amplification webinars. The partnerships with the healthcare, business, faith, travel and tourism,
food and agriculture and high-visibility events (sports and entertainment) sectors have helped EPI-WIN broaden the
global reach of WHO’s life-saving risk communication messages significantly.
The Network has reached more than 160 health organizations or professional associations that bring together
millions of frontline healthcare workers – the backbone of a country's defenses to save lives and limit the spread of
disease. It also provided illustrated guidance to caretakers at home who play a vital role when health systems
become overstretched.
In addition to engaging the health community, EPI-WIN has connected with the world’s employers and employees.
With over 3 billion people in paid employment globally, the business sector serves as a major amplifier of information.
EPI-WIN has directly connected with more than 400 businesses in food, agriculture, travel and tourism.
Approximately 84% of the world’s population identifies with a religious group and sadly many outbreaks of COVID-19
have been linked to faith gatherings. Faith-based organizations can and need to mobilize and inform millions of
people through their churches, mosques, synagogues and temples. EPI-WIN has worked directly with more than 60
faith organizations to recommend critically important health behaviors for faith settings.
The Network also combats misinformation by providing transparent, evidence-based guidance as events unfold. The
COVID-19 pandemic continues to evolve rapidly, making the need for updated, accurate and trusted information
even more critical. EPI-WIN meets this information need, through behavior change and myth-busting messages. EPI-
WIN’s science-based information has supported WHO’s website and social media channels. The EPI-WIN messaging
is used on WHO’s COVID-19 website which has received 147 million page views since 22 January 2020. This
information also fed the Google coronavirus page which received hundreds of millions of visitors every day, as well
as a record of over 14.5 million users on WhatsApp and Viber.
EPI-WIN will continue to adapt and grow to meet the information needs of specific audiences as COVID-19 continues
and as the world faces other future public health threats.
Stay abreast of new amplification activities at who.int/epi-win.SUBJECT IN FOCUS: Safe Ramadan practices in the context of the COVID-19
Ramadan is the ninth month of the Islamic calendar and is observed by Muslims worldwide as a month of fasting
from sunrise to sunset, prayer and reflection. It is marked by numerous religious and social gatherings, as families
and friends unite to break their fast together, after sunset during iftar or before dawn during suhour.
As this year Ramadan is expected to start on 23 April and end on 23 May, thus falling during the ongoing pandemic
of COVID-19, WHO has issued dedicated guidance on Safe Ramadan practices in the context of COVID-19. The
purpose is to provide advice on gatherings occurring during the month of Ramadan, or immediately preceding and
following it. Guidance was released on 15 April and is available in Arabic, English, French, Russian and Spanish.
The document is addressed to national health authorities with the aim of facilitating their role in establishing policies
for events. Early involvement of religious leaders in the decision-making process is also recommended, so that they
may disseminate information to the faithful community. In general, a strong communication strategy should ensure
that decisions taken are explained to all those concerned in a timely and consistent manner.
As a first step, WHO recommends that decisions to restrict, modify, postpone, cancel or proceed with holding a mass
gathering during Ramadan should be based on a rigorous and standardized assessment of the risks associated with
such events in terms of contributing to the spread of COVID-19. Detailed guidance on risk-assessment protocols is
included in Practical considerations and recommendations for Religious Leaders and Faith-based Communities in the
context of COVID-19, with a risk-assessment tool and decision tree. Cancelling in-person events and holding them
virtually, using platforms such as television, radio, digital and social media is therefore an option to be considered,
especially if risk of transmission is significant.
The decision-making process can be facilitated by some overarching considerations related to physical distancing: for
example, a distance of at least one metre (three feet) between people should be strictly maintained at all times
during the event. People who are feeling unwell or have any symptoms of COVID-19 – as they may transmit the
infection, and older people and anyone with pre-existing medical conditions should be discouraged from attending,
as they have higher likelihood of developing severe illness.
If it is decided that physical gatherings shall go ahead, WHO recommends that mitigation measures be applied to
further decrease risk of COVID-19 transmission during the planned event. Mitigation measures include: improving
the venue’s facilities and arrangements (e.g. holding the event outdoors rather than indoors, or ensuring adequate
ventilation), encouraging healthy practices by attendees (e.g. handwashing or taking safety steps in mosques, such
as using personal prayer rugs), and ensuring that premises and often-touched objects are thoroughly and regularly
cleaned.
The document also provides recommendations tailored to many social activities typical of Ramadan, such as the
practice of charity (sadaqat or zakah), or the traditional iftar banquets, suggesting ways to safely live in full the spirit
of Ramadan as the COVID-19 pandemic continues. Additional considerations pertaining to fasting, physical activity,
healthy diet and nutrition, and to***co use, as well as to mental and psycho-social health and response to domestic
violence are also proposed with the aim of clarifying misconceptions, and providing advice that may help make the
most out of the holy month of Ramadan and its myriad of celebrations.SURVEILLANCE
Table 1. Countries, territories or areas with reported laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases and deaths. Data as of
22 April 2020*
Reporting Country/
Territory/Area†
Total
confirmed
‡
cases
Total
confirmed
new cases
Total
deaths
Total
new
deaths
Transmission
classification§
Days since last
reported case
Western Pacific Region
China 84287 37 4642 0 Clusters of cases 0
Japan 11496 378 277 91 Clusters of cases 0
Republic of Korea 10694 11 238 1 Clusters of cases 0
Singapore 9125 1111 11 0 Clusters of cases 0
Australia 6647 22 74 3 Clusters of cases 0
Philippines 6599 140 437 9 Clusters of cases 0
Malaysia 5482 58 92 3 Clusters of cases 0
New Zealand 1113 6 14 1 Clusters of cases 0
Viet Nam 268 0 0 0 Clusters of cases 5
Brunei Darussalam 138 0 1 0 Sporadic cases 2
Cambodia 122 0 0 0 Sporadic cases 10
Mongolia 34 1 0 0 Sporadic cases 0
Lao People's
Democratic Republic 19 0 0 0 Sporadic cases 9
Fiji 18 0 0 0 Sporadic cases 1
Papua New Guinea 7 0 0 0 Sporadic cases 5
Territories**
Guam 133 0 5 0 Clusters of cases 10
French Polynesia 57 1 0 0 Sporadic cases 0
New Caledonia 18 0 0 0 Sporadic cases 19
Northern Mariana
Islands
(Commonwealth of
the) 14 0 2 0 Pending 4
European Region
Spain 204178 3968 21282 430 Pending 0
Italy 183957 2729 24648 534
Community
transmission 0
Germany 145694 2237 4879 281
Community
transmission 0
The United Kingdom 129048 4301 17337 828 Pending 0
France 116151 2638 20763 530
Community
transmission 0
Turkey 95591 4611 2259 119
Community
transmission 0
Russian Federation 57999 5236 513 57 Clusters of cases 0
Belgium 40956 973 5998 170
Community
transmission 0
Netherlands 34134 729 3916 165 Pending 0
Switzerland 27981 119 1186 45
Community
transmission 0
Portugal 21379 516 762 27 Pending 0Ireland 16040 388 730 43 Pending
0
Sweden 15322 545 1765 185 Pending
0
Austria 14833 50 463
1 Pending
0
Israel 13942 59 184
3 Pending
0
Poland 9856 263 401 21 Pending
0
Romania 9242 306 483 32
Community
transmission
0
Denmark 7695 180 370
6 Pending
0
Norway 7166 53 163
9 Pending
0
Czechia 7041 127 201
5
Community
transmission
0
Serbia 6890 260 130
5 Pending
0
Belarus 6723 459 55
4 Clusters of cases
0
Ukraine 6592 467 174 13
Community
transmission
0
Finland 4014 146 141 43 Pending
0
Luxembourg 3618 60 78
3 Pending
0
Republic of Moldova 2641 93 73
3 Pending
0
Greece 2401 156 121
5 Pending
0
Hungary 2168 70 225 12 Clusters of cases
0
Kazakhstan 1995 143 19
0 Pending
0
Croatia 1908 27 48
1 Pending
0
Iceland 1778
5 10
0 Pending
0
Uzbekistan 1657
0
6
1 Clusters of cases
1
Estonia 1552 17 43
3 Pending
0
Azerbaijan 1480 44 20
1 Clusters of cases
0
Armenia 1377 38 24
2 Clusters of cases
0
Lithuania 1370 20 38
1 Pending
0
Bosnia and
Herzegovina 1340 40 50
1
Community
transmission
0
Slovenia 1340
5 77
3 Pending
0
North Macedonia 1231
6 55
1 Clusters of cases
0
Slovakia 1199 26 14
1 Clusters of cases
0
Bulgaria 975 46 45
2 Pending
0
Cyprus 784 12 17
0 Clusters of cases
0
Latvia 748
9
9
4 Pending
0
Andorra 723
5 37
1
Community
transmission
0
Albania 634 25 26
0 Clusters of cases
0
Kyrgyzstan 612 22
7
0 Pending
0
San Marino 476 14 40
1
Community
transmission
0
Malta 443 12
3
0 Pending
0
Georgia 411
3
5
1 Clusters of cases
0
Montenegro 313
1
5
0 Clusters of cases
0
Liechtenstein 82
0
1
0 Pending
3
Monaco 68
0
1
0 Sporadic cases
8
Holy See
9
0
0
0 Sporadic cases
1
Territories**Kosovo[1]
604 32 18
6
Community
transmission
0
Isle of Man 307 10 10
6 Pending
0
Jersey 250
1 14
2 Pending
0
Guernsey
239
0 10
1
Community
transmission
2
Faroe Islands 185
0
0
0 Pending
2
Gibraltar 133
0
0
0 Clusters of cases
4
Greenland 11
0
0
0 Pending 16
South
-East Asia Region
India 19984 1383 640 50 Clusters of cases
0
Indonesia 7135 375 616 26
Community
transmission
0
Bangladesh 3382 434 110
9 Pending
0
Thailand 2826 15 49
1 Pending
0
Sri Lanka 310
6
7
0 Clusters of cases
0
Myanmar 121
2
5
0 Clusters of cases
0
Maldives 83 16
0
0 Clusters of cases
0
Nepal 42 11
0
0 Sporadic cases
0
Timor
-Leste 23
0
0
0 Clusters of cases
1
Bhutan
6
0
0
0 Sporadic cases
1
Eastern Mediterranean Region
Iran (Islamic Republic
of) 84802 1297 5297 88
Community
transmission
0
Saudi Arabia 11631 1147 109
6 Clusters of cases
0
Pakistan 9749 533 209 17 Clusters of cases
0
United Arab Emirates 7755 490 46
3 Pending
0
Qatar 6533 518
9
0 Pending
0
Egypt 3490 157 264 14 Clusters of cases
0
Morocco 3209 163 145
2 Clusters of cases
0
Kuwait 2080 85 11
2 Clusters of cases
0
Bahrain 1973 66
7
0 Clusters of cases
0
Oman 1614 106
8
0 Clusters of cases
0
Iraq 1602 28 83
1 Clusters of cases
0
Afghanistan 1092 66 36
0 Clusters of cases
0
Djibouti 945 99
2
0 Clusters of cases
0
Tunisia 901 17 38
0
Community
transmission
0
Lebanon 682
5 22
1 Clusters of cases
0
Jordan 428
3
7
0 Clusters of cases
0
Somalia 286 49 14
6 Sporadic cases
0
Sudan 140 33 13
1 Sporadic cases
0
Libya 59
8
1
0 Clusters of cases
0
Syrian Arab Republic 42
3
3
0
Community
transmission
0
Yemen
1
0
0
0 Pending 11
Territories**
occupied Palestinian
territory 335
6
2
0 Clusters of cases
0
Region of the AmericasUnited States of
America 776907 25634 37602 1718
Community
transmission
0
Brazil 40581 1927 2575 113
Community
transmission
0
Canada 37374 1991 1728 117
Community
transmission
0
Peru 16325 697 445 45
Community
transmission
0
Chile 10832 325 147
8
Community
transmission
0
Ecuador 10398 270 520 13
Community
transmission
0
Mexico 8772 511 712 26
Community
transmission
0
Dominican Republic 5044 80 245 10
Community
transmission
0
Panama 4658 191 136 10
Community
transmission
0
Colombia 3977 185 189 10
Community
transmission
0
Argentina 3073 113 145
9
Community
transmission
0
Cuba 1137 50 38
2 Clusters of cases
0
Costa Rica 662
2
6
1 Clusters of cases
0
Bolivia (Plurinational
State of) 598 34 34
1 Clusters of cases
0
Uruguay 535
7 10
0 Clusters of cases
0
Honduras 494 17 46
0 Clusters of cases
0
Guatemala 294
5
9
2 Clusters of cases
0
Venezuela (Bolivarian
Republic of) 285 29 10
1 Clusters of cases
0
El Salvador 225
7
7
0 Clusters of cases
0
Jamaica 223 27
6
1 Clusters of cases
0
Paraguay 208
0
8
0
Community
transmission
1
Trinidad and Tobago 114
0
8
0 Sporadic cases
6
Barbados 75
0
5
0 Clusters of cases
5
Guyana 66
1
7
0 Clusters of cases
0
Bahamas 64
4
9
0 Clusters of cases
0
Haiti 57 10
3
0 Clusters of cases
0
Antigua and Barbuda 23
0
3
0 Clusters of cases
8
Belize 18
0
2
0 Sporadic cases
7
Dominica 16
0
0
0 Clusters of cases 11
Saint Kitts and Nevis 15
0
0
0 Sporadic cases
1
Saint Lucia 15
0
0
0 Sporadic cases 10
Grenada 14
1
0
0 Clusters of cases
0
Saint Vincent and the
Grenadines 12
0
0
0 Sporadic cases 11
Nicaragua 10
1
2
0 Pending
0
Suriname 10
0
1
0 Sporadic cases 18
Territories**
Puerto Rico 1298 46 64
1 Clusters of cases
0Martinique 163
0 14
0 Clusters of cases
3
Guadeloupe 148
0 12
1 Clusters of cases
2
Aruba 97
0
2
0 Clusters of cases
2
French Guiana 97
0
1
0 Clusters of cases
1
Bermuda 86
0
5
0 Clusters of cases
2
Sint Maarten 68
1 10
0 Clusters of cases
0
Cayman Islands 66
5
1
0 Clusters of cases
0
United States Virgin
Islands 54
1
3
0 Clusters of cases
0
Saint Martin 37
0
2
0 Sporadic cases
3
Curaçao 14
0
1
0 Sporadic cases 13
Falkland Islands
(Malvinas) 11
0
0
0 Clusters of cases
7
Montserrat 11
0
0
0 Sporadic cases
8
Turks and Caicos
Islands 11
0
1
0 Sporadic cases
5
Saint Barthélemy
6
0
0
0 Sporadic cases 22
Bonaire, Sint Eustatius
and Saba
5
0
0
0 Sporadic cases
4
British Virgin Islands
4
0
1
0 Sporadic cases
2
Anguilla
3
0
0
0 Sporadic cases 18
Saint Pierre and
Miquelon
1
0
0
0 Sporadic cases 14
African Region
South Africa 3465 165 58
0
Community
transmission
0
Algeria 2811 93 392
8
Community
transmission
0
Cameroon 1163
0 43
1 Clusters of cases
1
Ghana 1042
0
9
0 Clusters of cases
2
Côte d’Ivoire 916 37 13
3 Clusters of cases
0
Guinea 688 66
6
1
Community
transmission
0
Niger 657
2 20
0 Clusters of cases
0
Burkina Faso 581
5 38
2
Community
transmission
0
Nigeria 541
0 19
0
Community
transmission
2
Senegal 412 35
5
0 Clusters of cases
0
Democratic Republic
of the Congo 359
9 25
0 Clusters of cases
0
Mauritius 328
0
9
0
Community
transmission
2
Kenya 296 15 14
0 Clusters of cases
0
Mali 258 12 14
0 Clusters of cases
0
United Republic of
Tanzania 255
0 10
0 Clusters of cases
1
Congo 165
5
6
0 Clusters of cases
0
Gabon 156 36
1
0 Clusters of cases
0
Rwanda 150
3
0
0 Clusters of cases
0
Madagascar 121
0
0
0 Clusters of cases
2
Ethiopia 114
3
3
0 Clusters of cases
0Liberia 101 2 8 0 Clusters of cases 0
Togo 86 2 6 1 Clusters of cases 0
Equatorial Guinea 79 0 0 0 Clusters of cases 3
Zambia 70 5 3 0 Sporadic cases 0
Cabo Verde 67 12 1 0 Sporadic cases 0
Uganda 56 1 0 0 Sporadic cases 0
Benin 54 0 1 0 Sporadic cases 1
Guinea-Bissau 50 0 0 0 Sporadic cases 4
Sierra Leone 50 7 0 0 Clusters of cases 0
Eritrea 39 0 0 0 Sporadic cases 3
Mozambique 39 4 0 0 Sporadic cases 0
Chad 34 1 0 0 Sporadic cases 0
Zimbabwe 28 3 3 0 Sporadic cases 0
Angola 24 0 2 0 Sporadic cases 1
Eswatini 24 0 1 0 Sporadic cases 1
Botswana 20 0 1 0 Sporadic cases 2
Malawi 18 1 2 0 Sporadic cases 0
Namibia 16 0 0 0 Sporadic cases 16
Central African
Republic 14 2 0 0 Sporadic cases 0
Burundi 11 5 1 0 Sporadic cases 0
Seychelles 11 0 0 0 Sporadic cases 15
Gambia 10 0 1 0 Sporadic cases 1
Mauritania 7 0 1 0 Sporadic cases 11
São Tomé and
Príncipe 4 0 0 0 Sporadic cases 15
South Sudan 4 0 0 0 Sporadic cases 10
Territories**
Réunion 410 2 0 0 Clusters of cases 0
Mayotte 311 27 4 0 Clusters of cases 0
Subtotal for all
Regions 2470424 73920 168993 6058
International
conveyance (Diamond
Princess)
712 0 13 0 Not Applicable†† 37
Grand total 2471136 73920 169006 6058
*Numbers include both domestic and repatriated cases
†The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on
the part of WHO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its
frontiers or boundaries. Dotted and dashed lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement.
‡Case classifications are based on WHO case definitions for COVID-19.
§Transmission classification is based on a process of country/territory/area self-reporting. Classifications are reviewed on a weekly basis and may
be upgraded or downgraded as new information becomes available. Not all locations within a given country/territory/area are equally affected;
countries/territories/areas experiencing multiple types of transmission are classified in the highest category reported. Within a given
transmission category, different countries/territories/areas may have differing degrees of transmission as indicated by the differing numbers of
cases, recency of cases, and other factors.
Terms:
- No cases: Countries/territories/areas with no confirmed cases (not shown in table)
- Sporadic cases: Countries/territories/areas with one or more cases, imported or locally detected
- Clusters of cases: Countries/territories/areas experiencing cases, clustered in time, geographic location and/or by common exposures
- Community transmission: Countries/area/territories experiencing larger outbreaks of local transmission defined through an assessment of
factors including, but not limited to:
- Large numbers of cases not linkable to transmission chains
- Large numbers of cases from sentinel lab surveillance
- Multiple unrelated clusters in several areas of the country/territory/area** “Territories” include territories, areas, overseas dependencies and other jurisdictions of similar status
[1] All references to Kosovo should be understood to be in the context of the United Nations Security Council resolution 1244 (1999).
†† As the international conveyance (Diamond Princess) is no longer occupied, transmission classification cannot be applied.
Due to differences in reporting methods, retrospective data consolidation, and reporting delays, the number of new cases may not always
reflect the exact difference between yesterday’s and today’s totals. WHO COVID-19 Situation Reports present official counts of confirmed
COVID-19 cases, thus differences between WHO reports and other sources of COVID-19 data using different inclusion criteria and different
data cutoff times are to be expected.
Figure 4. Epidemic curve of confirmed COVID-19, by date of report and WHO region through 22 April 2020o A general introduction to emerging respiratory viruses, including novel coronaviruses (available in
Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, Spanish, Hindi, Indian Sign Language, Persian, Portuguese,
Serbian and Turkish);
o Clinical care for Severe Acute Respiratory Infections (available in English, French, Russian, Indonesian
and Vietnamese);
o Health and safety briefing for respiratory diseases - ePROTECT (available in Chinese, English, French,
Russian, Spanish, Indonesian and Portuguese);
o Infection Prevention and Control for Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) (available in Chinese, English, French,
Russian, Spanish, Indonesian, Italian, Japanese, Portuguese and Serbian); and
o COVID-19 Operational Planning Guidelines and COVID-19 Partners Platform to support country
preparedness and response (available in English and coming soon in additional languages).
• WHO is providing guidance on early investigations, which are critical in an outbreak of a new virus. The data
collected from the protocols can be used to refine recommendations for surveillance and case definitions, to
characterize the key epidemiological transmission features of COVID-19, help understand spread, severity,
spectrum of disease, impact on the community and to inform operational models for implementation of
countermeasures such as case isolation, contact tracing and isolation. Several protocols are available here. One
such protocol is for the investigation of early COVID-19 cases and contacts (the “First Few X (FFX) Cases and
contact investigation protocol for 2019-novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infection”). The protocol is designed to
gain an early understanding of the key clinical, epidemiological and virological characteristics of the first cases of
COVID-19 infection detected in any individual country, to inform the development and updating of public health
guidance to manage cases and reduce the potential spread and impact of infection.
RECOMMENDATIONS AND ADVICE FOR THE PUBLIC
If you are not in an area where COVID-19 is spreading or have not travelled from an area where COVID-19 is
spreading or have not been in contact with an infected patient, your risk of infection is low. It is understandable that
you may feel anxious about the outbreak. Get the facts from reliable sources to help you accurately determine your
risks so that you can take reasonable precautions (see Frequently Asked Questions). Seek guidance from WHO, your
healthcare provider, your national public health authority or your employer for accurate information on COVID-19
and whether COVID-19 is circulating where you live. It is important to be informed of the situation and take
appropriate measures to protect yourself and your family (see Protection measures for everyone).
If you are in an area where there are cases of COVID-19 you need to take the risk of infection seriously. Follow the
advice of WHO and guidance issued by national and local health authorities. For most people, COVID-19 infection
will cause mild illness however, it can make some people very ill and, in some people, it can be fatal. Older people,
and those with pre-existing medical conditions (such as cardiovascular disease, chronic respiratory disease or
diabetes) are at risk for severe disease (See Protection measures for persons who are in or have recently visited (past
14 days) areas where COVID-19 is spreading).
CASE DEFINITIONS
WHO periodically updates the Global Surveillance for human infection with coronavirus disease (COVID-19)
document which includes case definitions.
For easy reference, case definitions are included below.
Suspect case
A. A patient with acute respiratory illness (fever and at least one sign/symptom of respiratory disease, e.g., cough,
shortness of breath), AND a history of travel to or residence in a location reporting community transmission ofCOVID-19 disease during the 14 days prior to symptom onset.
OR
B. A patient with any acute respiratory illness AND having been in contact with a confirmed or probable COVID-19
case (see definition of contact) in the last 14 days prior to symptom onset;
OR
C. A patient with severe acute respiratory illness (fever and at least one sign/symptom of respiratory disease, e.g.,
cough, shortness of breath; AND requiring hospitalization) AND in the absence of an alternative diagnosis that
fully explains the clinical presentation.
Probable case
A. A suspect case for whom testing for the COVID-19 virus is inconclusive.
a. Inconclusive being the result of the test reported by the laboratory.
OR
B. A suspect case for whom testing could not be performed for any reason.
Confirmed case
A person with laboratory confirmation of COVID-19 infection, irrespective of clinical signs and symptoms.
• Technical guidance for laboratory testing can be found here.
Definition of contact
A contact is a person who experienced any one of the following exposures during the 2 days before and the 14 days
after the onset of symptoms of a probable or confirmed case:
1. Face-to-face contact with a probable or confirmed case within 1 meter and for more than 15 minutes;
2. Direct physical contact with a probable or confirmed case;
3. Direct care for a patient with probable or confirmed COVID-19 disease without using proper personal
protective equipment1
; OR
4. Other situations as indicated by local risk assessments.
Note: for confirmed asymptomatic cases, the period of contact is measured as the 2 days before through the 14 days
after the date on which the sample was taken which led to confirmation.
Definition of COVID-19 death
COVID-19 death is defined for surveillance purposes as a death resulting from a clinically compatible illness in a
probable or confirmed COVID-19 case, unless there is a clear alternative cause of death that cannot be related to
COVID disease (e.g. trauma). There should be no period of complete recovery between the illness and death.
Further guidance for certification and classification (coding) of COVID-19 as cause of death is available here.
1 World Health Organization. Infection prevention and control during health care when COVID-19 is suspected
https://www.who.int/publications-detail/infection-prevention-and-control-during-health-care-when-novel-coronavirus-(ncov)-
infection-is-suspected-20200125PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE
• To view all technical guidance documents regarding COVID-19, please go to this webpage.
• WHO has developed interim guidance for laboratory diagnosis, advice on the use of masks during home care and
in health care settings in the context of COVID-19 outbreak, clinical management, infection prevention and
control in health care settings, home care for patients with suspected novel coronavirus, risk communication and
community engagement and Global Surveillance for human infection with COVID-19.
• WHO is working closely with International Air Transport Association (IATA) and have jointly developed a
guidance document to provide advice to cabin crew and airport workers, based on country queries. The
guidance can be found on the IATA webpage.
• WHO has been in regular and direct contact with Member States where cases have been reported. WHO is also
informing other countries about the situation and providing support as requested.
• WHO is working with its networks of researchers and other experts to coordinate global work on surveillance,
epidemiology, mathematical modelling, diagnostics and virology, clinical care and treatment, infection
prevention and control, and risk communication. WHO has issued interim guidance for countries, which are
updated regularly.
• WHO has prepared a disease commodity package that includes an essential list of biomedical equipment,
medicines and supplies necessary to care for patients with COVID-19.
• WHO has provided recommendations to reduce risk of transmission from animals to humans.
• WHO has published an updated recommendations for international traffic in relation to COVID-19 outbreak .
• WHO has activated the R&D blueprint to accelerate diagnostics, vaccines, and therapeutics.
• OpenWHO is an interactive, web-based, knowledge-transfer platform offering online courses to improve the
response to health emergencies. COVID-19 courses can be found here and courses in additional national
languages here. Specifically, WHO has developed online courses on the following topics:
o Introduction to Go.Data – Field data collection, chains of transmission and contact follow-up. The
Go.Data tool is available globally to WHO staff, member states and partners to support outbreak
investigation, focusing on field data collection, contact tracing and visualisation of chains of
transmission.
STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES
WHO’s strategic objectives for this response are to:
• Interrupt human-to-human transmission including reducing secondary infections among close contacts
and health care workers, preventing transmission amplification events, and preventing further
international spread*;
• Identify, isolate and care for patients early, including providing optimized care for infected patients;
• Identify and reduce transmission from the animal source;
• Address crucial unknowns regarding clinical severity, extent of transmission and infection, treatment
options, and accelerate the development of diagnostics, therapeutics and vaccines;
• Communicate critical risk and event information to all communities and counter misinformation;
• Minimize social and economic impact through multisectoral partnerships.
*This can be achieved through a combination of public health measures, such as rapid identification, diagnosis
and management of the cases, identification and follow up of the contacts, infection prevention and control in
health care settings, implementation of health measures for travelers, awareness-raising in the population and
risk communication.
