04/09/2024
SEA OF GALILEE
(Afrikaanse teks onder Engelse teks)
The Sea of Galilee, also called Lake Tiberias or Kinneret, is a freshwater lake in Israel. It is the lowest freshwater lake on Earth and the second-lowest lake in the world (after the Dead Sea, a salt lake), at levels between 215 and 209 metres (705 and 686 ft) below sea level. It is approximately 53 km (33 mi) in circumference, about 21 km (13 mi) long, and 13 km (8.1 mi) wide. Its area is 166.7 km2 (64.4 sq mi) at its fullest, and its maximum depth is approximately 43 metres (141 ft). The lake is fed partly by underground springs, but its main source is the Jordan River, which flows through it from north to south and exits the lake at the Degania Dam.
The Sea of Galilee is situated in northeast Israel, between the Golan Heights and the Galilee region, in the Jordan Rift Valley, formed by the separation of the African and Arabian plates. Consequently, the area is subject to earthquakes, and in the past, volcanic activity. This is evident from the abundant basalt and other igneous rocks that define the geology of Galilee.
The lake has been called by different names throughout its history, usually depending on the dominant settlement on its shores. With the changing fate of the towns, the lake's name also changed. The modern Hebrew name Kineret comes from the Hebrew Bible, where it appears as the "sea of Kineret" in Numbers 34:11 and Joshua 13:27, and spelled כנרות "Kinerot" in Hebrew in Joshua 11:2. This name was also found in the scripts of Ugarit, in the Aqhat Epic. As the name of a city, Kinneret was listed among the "fenced cities" in Joshua 19:35. A persistent, though likely erroneous, popular etymology presumes that the name Kinneret may originate from the Hebrew word kinnor ("harp" or "lyre"), because of the shape of the lake.] The scholarly consensus, however, is that the origin of the name is derived from the important Bronze and Iron Age city of Kinneret, excavated at Tell el-'Oreimeh. The city of Kinneret may have been named after the body of water rather than vice versa, and there is no evidence for the origin of the town's name.
All Old and New Testament writers use the term "sea", with the exception of Luke, who calls it "the Lake of Gennesaret" (Luke 5:1). The Babylonian Talmud as well as Flavius Josephus mention the sea by the name "Sea of Ginosar" after the small fertile plain of Ginosar that lies on its western side. Ginosar is yet another name derived from "Kinneret".
The Sea of Galilee lies on the ancient Via Maris, which linked Egypt with the northern empires. The Greeks, Hasmoneans, and Romans founded flourishing towns and settlements on the lake including Hippos and Tiberias. Contemporary Roman–Jewish historian Flavius Josephus was so impressed by the area that he wrote, "One may call this place the ambition of Nature"; he also reports a thriving fishing industry at this time, with 230 boats regularly working in the lake. Archaeologists discovered one such boat, nicknamed the Jesus Boat, in 1986.
In the New Testament, much of the ministry of Jesus occurs on the shores of the Sea of Galilee. In those days, there was a continuous ribbon development of settlements and villages around the lake and plenty of trade and ferrying by boat. The Synoptic Gospels of Mark 1:14–20), Matthew 4:18–22), and Luke 5:1–11) describe how Jesus recruited four of his apostles from the shores of the Kinneret: the fishermen Simon and his brother Andrew and the brothers John and James. One of Jesus' famous teaching episodes, the Sermon on the Mount, is supposed to have been given on a hill overlooking the Kinneret. Many of his miracles are also said to have occurred here including his walking on water, calming the storm, the disciples and the miraculous catch of fish, and his feeding five thousand people (in Tabgha). In John's Gospel the sea provides the setting for Jesus' third post-resurrection appearance to his disciples (John 21).
In 135 CE, Bar Kokhba's revolt was put down which was part of the Jewish–Roman wars. The Romans responded by banning all Jews from Jerusalem. The center of Jewish culture and learning shifted to the region of Galilee and the Kinneret, particularly Tiberias. It was in this region that the Jerusalem Talmud was compiled.[19]
The lake lies in the center of the Jordan Valley, in the northern part of the Syrian-African rift. Several directions of tectonic movements characterize the region, mirroring the patterns typical of the entire Syrian-African rift: north–south movements, which started about 20 million years ago; stretching movements in the east–west direction, which began later, at the beginning of the Pleistocene (about 1.8 million years ago), and caused the subsidence of the lake area.
As a result of horizontal shifts in the north–south direction and subsidence of the area, a lake was formed, with an asymmetrical bottom—steeper in the east and a gentler in the west. In the southern part an underwater cliff is present, covered by the lake's sediments. The cliff is distinct in the western part and less so in the east.[29]
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SEE VAN GALILEA
Die See van Galilea, ook genoem Tiberiasmeer of Kinneret, is 'n varswatermeer in Israel. Dit is die laagste varswatermeer op aarde en die tweede laagste meer in die wêreld (na die Dooie See, 'n soutmeer), op vlakke tussen 215 en 209 meter (705 en 686 voet) onder seevlak. Dit is ongeveer 53 km (33 myl) in omtrek, ongeveer 21 km (13 myl) lank en 13 km (8.1 myl) breed. Sy oppervlakte is 166,7 km2 (64,4 vk myl) op sy volste, en sy maksimum diepte is ongeveer 43 meter (141 voet). Die meer word gedeeltelik deur ondergrondse fonteine gevoed, maar sy hoofbron is die Jordaanrivier, wat van noord na suid daardeur vloei en by die Deganiadam uit die meer vloei.
Die See van Galilea is geleë in die noordooste van Israel, tussen die Golanhoogte en die Galilea-streek, in die Jordaan-skeurvallei, gevorm deur die skeiding van die Afrika- en Arabiese plate. Gevolglik is die gebied onderhewig aan aardbewings, en in die verlede, vulkaniese aktiwiteit. Dit is duidelik uit die oorvloedige basalt en ander stollingsgesteentes wat die geologie van Galilea definieer.
Die meer is deur sy geskiedenis met verskillende name genoem, gewoonlik na gelang van die dominante nedersetting aan sy oewers. Met die veranderende lot van die dorpe het die meer se naam ook verander. Die moderne Hebreeuse naam Kineret kom van die Hebreeuse Bybel, waar dit verskyn as die "see van Kineret" in Numeri 34:11 en Josua 13:27, en gespel כנרות "Kinerot" in Hebreeus in Josua 11:2. Hierdie naam is ook gevind in die skrifte van Ugarit, in die Aqhat Epic. As die naam van 'n stad, is Kinneret gelys onder die "omheinde stede" in Josua 19:35. 'n Volgehoue, hoewel waarskynlik foutiewe, populêre etimologie veronderstel dat die naam Kinneret afkomstig kan wees van die Hebreeuse woord kinnor ("harp" of "lier"), vanweë die vorm van die meer.] Die wetenskaplike konsensus is egter dat die oorsprong van die naam is afgelei van die belangrike brons- en ystertydperk-stad Kinneret, wat by Tell el-'Oreimeh opgegrawe is. Die stad Kinneret is moontlik eerder na die watermassa vernoem as omgekeerd, en daar is geen bewyse vir die oorsprong van die dorp se naam nie.
Alle Ou- en Nuwe-Testamentiese skrywers gebruik die term "see", met die uitsondering van Lukas, wat dit "die meer van Genesaret" noem (Luk. 5:1). Die Babiloniese Talmoed sowel as Flavius Josephus noem die see met die naam "See van Ginosar" na die klein vrugbare vlakte van Ginosar wat aan sy westekant lê. Ginosar is nog 'n naam wat afgelei is van "Kinneret".
Die See van Galilea lê op die antieke Via Maris, wat Egipte met die noordelike ryke verbind het. Die Grieke, Hasmoneërs en Romeine het florerende dorpe en nedersettings op die meer gestig, insluitend seekoeie en Tiberias. Die hedendaagse Romeins-Joodse historikus Flavius Josephus was so beïndruk deur die gebied dat hy geskryf het, "'n Mens kan hierdie plek die ambisie van die Natuur noem"; hy rapporteer ook 'n florerende visbedryf in hierdie tyd, met 230 bote wat gereeld in die meer werk. Argeoloë het een so 'n boot, met die bynaam die Jesus-boot, in 1986 ontdek.
In die Nuwe Testament vind baie van die bediening van Jesus plaas aan die kus van die See van Galilea. In daardie dae was daar 'n voortdurende lintontwikkeling van nedersettings en dorpe rondom die meer en baie handel en vaart per boot. Die Sinoptiese Evangelies van Markus 1:14–20), Matteus 4:18–22) en Lukas 5:1–11) beskryf hoe Jesus vier van sy apostels van die kus van die Kinneret gewerf het: die vissermanne Simon en sy broer Andrew en die broers Johannes en Jakobus. Een van Jesus se bekende onderrig-episodes, die Bergpredikasie, is veronderstel om op 'n heuwel wat oor die Kinneret uitkyk, gegee te gewees het. Daar word ook gesê dat baie van sy wonderwerke hier plaasgevind het, insluitend sy loop op water, die stilte van die storm, die dissipels en die wonderbaarlike vang van visse, en sy voed vyfduisend mense (in Tabgha). In Johannes se Evangelie verskaf die see die agtergrond vir Jesus se derde verskyning ná die opstanding aan sy dissipels (Joh. 21).
In 135 nC is Bar Kokhba se opstand van kant gemaak wat deel was van die Joods-Romeinse oorloë. Die Romeine het gereageer deur alle Jode uit Jerusalem te verbied. Die sentrum van die Joodse kultuur en leer het verskuif na die streek van Galilea en die Kinneret, veral Tiberias. Dit was in hierdie streek dat die Jerusalem Talmoed saamgestel is.[19]
Die meer lê in die middel van die Jordaanvallei, in die noordelike deel van die Siries-Afrika-skeur. Verskeie rigtings van tektoniese bewegings kenmerk die streek, wat die patrone weerspieël wat tipies is van die hele Siriese-Afrika-skeur: noord-suid-bewegings, wat ongeveer 20 miljoen jaar gelede begin het; strekbewegings in die oos-wes-rigting, wat later begin het, aan die begin van die Pleistoseen (ongeveer 1,8 miljoen jaar gelede), en die insakking van die meergebied veroorsaak het.
As gevolg van horisontale verskuiwings in die noord-suid-rigting en insakking van die gebied, is 'n meer gevorm, met 'n asimmetriese bodem - steiler in die ooste en 'n sagter in die weste. In die suidelike deel is 'n onderwaterkrans teenwoordig, bedek deur die meer se sedimente. Die krans is duidelik in die westelike deel en minder in die ooste.
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