Travel Back in Time

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A travel blogging page which takes you back in time and help you rediscover the past

14/11/2022

The story of N**i Germany has fascinated and appalled millions of people. It began with the failures of the Weimar Republic and ended with the horrors of World War II and the Holocaust. In between, N**ism affected millions of people and changed the course of modern history.

The N**is were a group of radical nationalists who formed their own political party in 1919. Led by Adolf Hi**er, a former corporal who had served in World War I, the N**i Party remained small and ineffectual for most of the 1920s.

The onset of the Great Depression and its traumatic impact on Germany saw Hi**er and the N**is draw more support. The N**is presented themselves as a new and alternative option for the desperate German people. There was little new about Hi**er and the N**is, however. Most of their obsessions – state power, authoritarian rule, fanatical nationalism, social Darwinism, racial purity, military rearmament and conquest – were ideas of the past, not the future

By 1930, the N**is had become the largest party in the German Reichstag (parliament). This support contributed to the appointment of Adolf Hi**er as Chancellor in January 1933.

Hi**er and his followers held power for barely a dozen years but their impact on Germany was profound. Within a couple of years, the N**is had killed off democracy and created a one-party totalitarian state.

The lives of millions of Germans were changed, some for the better, many for the worse. Women were ordered back into the home and excluded from politics and the workplace. Children were indoctrinated with the ideas and values of N**ism. Schools and workplaces were transformed to fulfil N**i objectives. Weak or disruptive social or racial groups – from Jews to the mentally ill – were excluded or eliminated.

The N**is also defied the world by reviving the galloping militarism that had steered Germany into World War I two decades earlier. Finally, in the late 1930s, Hi**er set about expanding German territory, a policy that triggered the deadliest war in human history.

Alpha History’s N**i Germany website is a comprehensive textbook-quality resource for studying the rise of the N**is and Germany between 1933 and 1939. It contains hundreds of different primary and secondary sources, including detailed topic summaries and documents. Our website also contains reference material such as timelines, ‘who’s who’ and information on historiography. Students can also test their knowledge and recall with a range of online activities, including quizzes, crosswords and word searches . Primary sources aside, all content at Alpha History is written by qualified and experienced teachers, authors and historians.

14/11/2022

The fascist movement born in Italy after the First World War desired a revolutionary dictatorship, which would transform Italy into a new civilization, using force when required. Yet, the impact of fascism on Italy was not uniform. From the perspective of the Italian population, how fascist rule was experienced varied according to social class, political orientation, gender, sexual orientation, and ethnic origin. For large numbers of Italians, an oppressive fascist regime brought economic hardship and/or a loss of basic human rights. For others fascism appeared to bring stability, well-being and national honour (epitomized in the conquest of Ethiopia in 1936) - for which authoritarian government was a price worth paying. The impact of fascist rule to an extent also varied according to geographical location, reflecting a historical divide between the north and south of Italy, and between rural and urban areas. Fascism outwardly transformed Italian society, as evident in the creation of a one-party state, which claimed to pe*****te all facets of life, whether the economy, education, leisure pursuits, or the family and private life. The fascist state’s control of information, the large number of choreographed rituals and spectacles dominating public life, and the creation of a cult around the leader, Benito Mussolini, reflect this. However, the extent to which fascism profoundly transformed Italian society is questionable. The speed with which consensus for the regime collapsed in the wake of Italy’s disastrous participation in the Second World War as an ally of Hi**er’s Germany is often cited as evidence of Mussolini’s failure to create a nation of genuine fascist believers and ‘warriors’ in spite of propagandized images of a society at one with fascism.

Although the impact of fascist rule on Italian society varied according to the regime’s policies towards specific classes or groups, arguably, the most dramatic consequences revealed themselves to the Italian populace as a whole during the latter years of the dictatorship. The intensification of policies aiming to ‘fascistize’ society and enhance its warrior ‘qualities’, was marked by political and strategic alignment with Hi**er’s Germany, as well as the ostracism in 1938 of Italian Jews (many of whom, ironically, had been enthusiastic fascist supporters) from mainstream Italian society, accompanied by a vicious anti-Semitic propaganda campaign. In a similar vein, Italy’s intervention in the Spanish Civil War in support of Francisco Franco’s Nationalists amounted to an ideological war, which, unlike the invasion of Ethiopia in 1935, demanded human sacrifice but offered no territorial reward. During the Second World War, a series of military defeats and the collapse of the economy laid bare the hollowness of propaganda stressing Italy’s invincibility. While large numbers of Italians celebrated Mussolini’s consequent fall from power in July 1943, the nastier side of fascism manifested itself in the Italian Social Republic (1943-45), set up under the control of the N**is, who had occupied Italy after their former ally surrendered to Anglo-American forces in September 1943. Many adherents to the Social Republic, believing that the previous fascist regime had not been radical enough, aimed to resurrect the violent revolutionary fascism of the earlier movement, which had preceded Mussolini’s rise to power in 1922. This partly accounts for the Republic’s ruthless repression of anti-fascists and partisans, as well as its complicity with the N**is in deporting Jews to death camps. Italian collective memory underlines the human suffering caused by Mussolini’s ill-fated alliance with N**i Germany. However, reflecting the varying impacts of fascism discussed in this essay, Italians are more divided on the question of how life was under the rule of Mussolini before the Second World War.

14/11/2022

The capital city of West Bengal, Kolkata is located in the eastern part of India and is one of the most famous cities in India. Owing to its strategic location, the city has witnessed several significant political as well as social upsurges in the past and this why its history holds a significant place in the chronological description of the entire scenario of the Indian subcontinent and rest of the world. Kolkata has also experienced some of the very well-known monarchial as well as bureaucratic rules, which have profoundly influenced its culture.

Though archaeologists believe that Kolkata has been inhabited for over two thousand years, its documented history begins only after the arrival of the British East India Company, in 1690. Ancient evidence suggests that Kolkata was an established trading hub much before the arrival of the Delhi Sultanate, the Mughals, the Portuguese, the French or the British. The city's origins date back to the Maurya and Gupta period. The city has also been mentioned in the ancient epic Mahabharata.

It is believed that Kalikata was the ancient name of the city and was derived from the Bengali word 'Kalikshetra', which means "Ground of Goddess Kali." There is also a belief that the city derives its name from the location of its original settlement on the bank of a canal (khal). The British gave the city, the name Calcutta, which is an anglicized version of the Bengali name Kalikata. In 2001, the Indian government renamed Calcutta to Kolkata.

n 1690, Job Charnock, an agent of East India Company first came to the city and bought three villages (Sutanuti, Kolkata, Gobindapur) from the local landlord. In 1699, East India Company started developing the city as a Presidency city and named it Calcutta. The hold of British on Calcutta became powerful post its declaration as the capital city of British India, in 1772. The city underwent rapid industrialization. Richard Wellesley, the Governor General of Kolkata, worked diligently on the architecture of the city and developed it as the "City of Palaces". This was the era of a high British influence on the culture of Kolkata.

With the spread of education and westernization, began the phase of 'Renaissance' in Bengal. Many social reform movements were carried out, and the growing intellectual population started understanding the meaning of freedom and the city became the centre of Indian Independence struggle. All the tensions led to the transfer of the capital of British India to Delhi. Even after the transfer, Kolkata remained a major hub for trade and independence struggle.

14/11/2022

Jaipur gets its name from its founder Maharaja Jai Singh II (1693-1744) the great warrior and astronomer. Jaipur was formerly known as Jeypore and is the largest and capital city of Rajasthan. UNESCO World Heritage Committee described Jaipur as the Pink City because of the pink texture of its buildings. The city was planned according to the Indian vastu Shashtri by Vidyadhar Bhattacharya in 1727. There are three gates facing east, west, and north. The eastern gate is called Suraj Pol (sun gate), the western gate is called Chand Pol (moon gate) and the northern gate faces the ancestral capital of Amer.

The city of Jaipur was founded by the King of Amber, Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh on 18 November 1727, who ruled from 1699 to 1743. He planned to shift his capital from Amber, 11 kilometres to Jaipur to accommodate the growing population and increasing scarcity of water. Jai Singh consulted several books on architecture and architects while planning the layout of Jaipur. The construction of the city began in 1726 and took four years to complete the major roads, offices, and palaces.

In the 19th century, the city grew rapidly and by 1900 it had a population of 160,000. The wide boulevards were paved and its chief industries were the working of metals and marble, fostered by a school of art founded in 1868. The city had three colleges, including a Sanskrit college (1865) and a girls' school (1867) opened during the reign of the Maharaja Ram Singh II.

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