04/27/2024
Throughout the Civil War, many false racial beliefs were imposed on medicine, some of which we are still struggling against today. These had serious consequences for the first African American units in the U.S. Army: The United States Colored Troops.
White officers and surgeons falsely believed that African Americans were immune to “tropical diseases,” did not feel the pain as severely as white soldiers and were not as fatigued by manual labor.
These false assumptions, combined with disproportionately sparse medical supplies, staff, and facilities, contributed to “a mortality rate from illness of two and one-half times per one thousand men greater than for white soldiers.” Failure to vaccinate was an additional issue, with USCT soldiers far more likely to contract and die from smallpox than their white comrades.
Sources:
The National Park Service, "Civil War Series: The Civil War's Black Soldiers," History E-Library, accessed January 29, 2020, < https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/civil_war_series/2/sec17.htm>; Herbert Aptheker, "Negro Casualties in the Civil War", The Journal of Negro History, Vol. 32, No. 1. (January, 1947), via JSTOR, accessed January 29, 2020, .
Terry Reimer, "Smallpox and Vaccination in the Civil War," National Museum of Civil War Medicine, The Surgeon's Call, November 9, 2004, accessed January 29, 2020, .
Image credit:
Detail from "Quarters of Chief Ambulance Officer, 9th Corps in front of Petersburg, Va.," Library of Congress