18/11/2017
THE EFFECTS OF TRANS-BOUNDARY PASTORALISTS ON MATHENIKO
WILDLIFE RESERVE IN KARAMOJA, UGANDA
For centuries, pastoral communities have competently proved their capacity to live and
survive in dry, remote and difficult areas where rain fed crop production is in most cases
either not viable or highly limited due to low and unpredictable rainfall (AU, 2010; Shem et
al.,2010; Boto & Edeme, 2012; HPG, 2009). These fragile areas cover vast rangelands that
sometimes stride across international boundaries, as it is the case with Turkana- Karamoja
rangeland. As one of the coping mechanisms, these trans-boundary pastoralists have overtime
developed indigenous and informal techniques of livestock and rangeland management which
are based on the mobility and seasonal migrations as a means to access the best pasture and
maximise livestock productivity (Smith, 2012; Sulieman, 2013). In the past, their regular
interaction with wildlife was characterised by minimum human- wildlife conflicts, incursion
of predators on livestock notwithstanding (Secretariat of the Convention on Biological
Diversity, 2010). Most of the pastoralists were not interested in bush meat as it was a taboo
for most of them to hunt and consume game meat.
However, in the recent past, the former pastoralists’ rangelands have been invaded and
converted by developers and crop farmers, forcing the pastoralist communities to drive their
livestock to protected areas and marginal land. Their mobility upon which the traditional
cattle keeping practices are hinged has been severely affected (Pavanello, 2009). Moreover,
restriction of mobility of pastoralists negatively affects their livelihoods and biodiversity in
dry lands as some species are overexploited, while others underexploited (Schelling et al.,
2008). The effects of climate change such as prolonged droughts and frequent acute water
scarcity have exacerbated the suffering and vulnerability of pastoralists (Audus, 2013).
In Uganda the range lands occupy 43% of the country’s total land area, stretching from
Uganda – Tanzania international border through the central region to Karamoja Sub-region.
This stretch is normally described and referred to as “cattle corridor” which hosts about 90%
of the national cattle population, kept by mainly pastoralist and agro-pastoralist communities.
The cattle corridor is characterised by frequent dry seasons, scarcity of pasture and permanent
water sources as well as low and unreliable rainfall. Due to high human population and
increased demand for land for food production, crop growing communities have converted
some of the sections of the cattle corridor into crop production, fragmenting the pastoral
rangeland.
In Karamoja Sub-region, the cattle corridor extends into Turkana rangeland, western Kenya.
Turkana and Karomoja rangeland is geographically and demographically related. The area is
highly food insecure, experience recurrent prolonged drought, (as such, it is arid) and scarce
water sources as well as pasture resources. Rearing of cattle is the major economic activity of
the residents. The alternative economic activities and sources of livelihood to both
Karamajong and Turkana communities are limited. Nonetheless, the environmental
conditions in Karamoja are slightly better and less hostile to pastoralists than on Kenya side.
The area of Turkana experiences more frequent and severe drought than Karamoja region.
Subsequently, the Turkana pastoralists regularly drive their livestock across international
border into Karamoja in search of pasture and water. This movement of pastoralists is done within a local arrangement through negotiations between the local government authorities
and kraal leaders of both countries. Whereas, in the past, the Turkana pastoralist had access to
vast areas in Karamoja to graze their livestock, in the recent past, the government of Uganda
has encouraged the residents in the region to actively participate in crop production as a
strategy for food security and self-reliance (OPM, 2009; Mubiru, 2010). As a result, most of
the rangeland has been fragmented by the pockets of crop gardens leading to increased
conflicts between crop farmers and pastoralists.
The unplanned crop growing in the
pastoralist rangeland in Karamoja has not only affected the seasonal Turkana cattle keepers
but also the resident pastoralists who find it difficult to freely move livestock to different
areas to take advantage of availability of pasture. Therefore, in order to avoid conflicts with
local communities, the Turkana pastoralist find wildlife protected areas as the only alternative
source of pasture and water for their livestock. In this case, Turkana pastoralists drive their
livestock into Matheniko Wildlife Reserve in search of water and pasture. The reserve is part
and partial of Great Matheniko – Bukora Wildlife Reserve which is the only protected area in
Uganda where the Bright Gazelle, the lesser and Greater Kudu are hosted, and present the
vital opportunity for Karamoja to overcome tourism competition from other types of wildlife
(Manyindo et al., 2014).
Nonetheless, the pressure on Matheniko Wildlife Reserve has also
been accentuated and aggravated by other competing land use practices especially mining and
scarcity of reliable water sources outside the reserve.
To be continued.......................................................stay tuned!